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Misalignment is among the most frequent mechanical faults in rotating electrical machines, often resulting in partial or complete motor failure over time. To tackle this issue, the present study proposes an innovative methodology for diagnosing misalignment faults in rotating electrical machines. The method integrates the dual-tree complex wavelet transform with a refined composite multiscale fluctuation dispersion entropy algorithm (DTCWT-RCMFDE) for feature extraction, combined with the least-squares support vector machines algorithm (LSSVM) for fault classification. Initially, the DTCWT is employed to decompose the torque signal into multiple sub-bands using range entropy (RE). Subsequently, the RCMFDE is calculated for each sub-band to construct discriminative fault feature vectors. These vectors are then used to train and test the LSSVM classifier to identify different types of misalignment faults. The proposed method was validated using experimental data, and the results demonstrate its superior diagnostic performance. Compared to existing approaches, the DTCWT-RCMFDE-LSSVM model achieved the highest classification accuracy of 98.33%, outperforming other methods such as MSE-SVM (94.1%), DTCWT-EE-PSO-SVM (96%), Multi-features-t-SNE-LSSVM (96.25%) and AR model coefficients-mRMR-SOM neural network (97.22%). These findings confirm the method’s high precision in detecting both parallel and angular misalignments. This research holds significant potential for industrial applications in sectors reliant on rotating machinery such as power generation, petrochemical, nuclear, and manufacturing where early and accurate fault detection is essential to minimize downtime and enhance operational reliability.

Ensuring the reliability of photovoltaic (PV) systems requires efficient defect detection to maintain optimal energy production. Deep learning-based object detection models have demonstrated remarkable performance in automating this process. In this study, PV-YOLOv12n is introduced as an optimized variant of YOLOv12n, tailored for defect detection in electroluminescence (EL) images of PV panels. The modifications incorporate an A2C2f module at the P5 scale (1024, True), which enhances feature extraction by prioritizing critical defect regions. This improvement significantly boosts recall and precision for detecting large cracks, significant dislocations, and widespread material inconsistencies. Experimental results on the PVEL-AD and Roboflow datasets demonstrate superior detection performance. PV-YOLOv12n achieves a mAP@50 of 0.91 on both datasets, surpassing the baseline YOLOv12n (mAP@50 of 0.90 and 0.88 for PVEL-AD and Roboflow, respectively). Additionally, mAP@50-95 increases to 0.58 on PVEL-AD and 0.75 on Roboflow, highlighting improved generalization. Despite these improvements, inference speed remains efficient at 4.24 ms for PVEL-AD and 4.43 ms for Roboflow, ensuring suitability for real-time applications. These results validate the effectiveness of PV-YOLOv12n in detecting critical PV panel defects, supporting its deployment in large-scale solar farm inspections.

Cobalt-nanoferrite as a magnetic separable material has drawn the attention of researchers due to its unique properties, significant applications and high potentiality in wastewater treatment. In this study, the cobalt nanoferrite was synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method at different annealing temperatures and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy. Then the synthesized nanoferrite was assessed and used for the treatment of tannery wastewater. The characterizations confirmed the formation of nanoferrites with size between 15 and 23 nm. The average particle size increased with increase of annealing temperatures. Typical values for tannery wastewater treatment efficiency for chromium, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were 23.75, 90.83, 52.72 and 48.07% respectively. Thus, the treatment by nanoferrites appears a promising and effective method for the removal of contaminants.

The effect of Sr2+ substitution on the morphology, crystal structure, and optical properties of double perovskite oxide Ba2−xSrxZnWO6 (x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00) were investigated. Scanning electronic microscopy demonstrated that all samples have similar microstructure morphology but differ in the range of grain sizes. X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that these materials crystallize in a (Fm-3m) cubic crystal structure, and also confirmed the tolerance factor. Rietveld analysis revealed that the lattice parameter decreased from 8.11834 to 8.039361 Å when the substitution of Ba2+ with Sr2+ cations increased from zero to 100%. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies displayed a symmetric stretching vibration of WO6 octahedra at 825 cm−1, and an anti-symmetric stretching mode of WO6 was observed by FTIR at 620 cm−1. A strong peak at 420 cm−1 was also observed in the Raman spectra and is due to the W–O–W bending vibration modes. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was carried out for the series, and the band gap energy decreased from 3.27 eV for Ba2ZnWO6 to 3.02 and 3.06 eV for Ba1.75Sr0.25ZnWO6 and Ba1.5Sr0.5ZnWO6, respectively. The excitation and emission photoluminescence properties were investigated at room temperature.

Ba2−xSrxZnWO6 double perovskite (DP) oxide compounds (x = 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2) were successfully created by means of conventional solid-state techniques. The crystal structures of our series were studied using an X-ray diffractometer. The x = 1 compound has a cubic (Fm-3m) crystal structure, the 1 ≤ x ≤ 2 compounds have tetragonal (I4/m) symmetry, and the phase was transferred to monoclinic (P21/n) symmetry for the Sr2ZnWO6 (x = 2) compound. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of the series, showing that the samples had crystallized microstructures. Molecular bonds were investigated using Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies, which confirmed the double perovskite octahedral geometry for the samples in our series. Furthermore, the octahedral W–O6 anti-symmetric stretching mode was found to occur. The optical properties of the Ba2−xSrxZnWO6 series were studied using Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. The absorption edge of the samples appeared around the near-violet and visible spectra, between 336–360 nm. The band gap energy was investigated in two ways—using the absorption cutoff and Tauc plots—which increased from 3.52 to 3.7 eV with increasing substitution of Ba2+ by Sr2+. Furthermore, excitation and emission spectra were collected at room temperature. A broad band at 260–360 nm appeared in the PLE spectra for all samples, and the PL spectra of the samples had a band that spread from 320–450 nm.

In this paper, the conventional solid state interaction method was used to prepare BaTiO3 single perovskite samples, which were heated to a different annealing temperatures from 0 to 800 into 1200 degrees. The optical properties of the samples were investigated, using Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) and Ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopies. Whilst, UV-visible results were exhibited and explicit data of UV-visible which was used to evaluate the absorption, transmission, reflection, extension and energy band gaps. It's found that the effect of the annealing of samples' temperature on the extinction coefficient (k) decreased while the temperature was increasing. In addition, the reflection was directly proportional to the temperature. In this case, the materials turned closely into which is called a mirror. The increasing of energy band gap (Eg) is related to increasing in an annealing temperature. This transition was in directed and thereupon, \"the phenomenon\" uses especially, for the industrial devices, to convert materials from insulator to semiconductors. Furthermore, the chemical bonds within atoms were investigated and verified by FTIR data in this paper.

The aim of this work is to develop a new procedure for production of silica powder from sorghum bran ash via laser-based combustion. The raw material of sorghum bran was obtained from a sorghum mill in Khartoum, Sudan. Nd: YAG laser with output power 60 Watts was used to combust 5 grams of sorghum bran for different combustion times, combustion was non-flaming. The weight of silica in the ash was determined by chemical treatment. In the silica producing process using Nd: YAG laser; silica content percentage can be raised through increasing the time of laser combustion. The mineral contents of the produced ash were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The micro/nanostructures of the produced ash were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). XRF results showed the presence of the following elements: Fe, Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb and Mn elements. XRD results showed the presence of a crystalline hexagonal phase of silica and amorphous silica. FTIR showed several absorbance peaks assigned to silica. SEM results showed the micro/nanostructures of silica. The synthetic procedure is environment-friendly, straightforward and inexpensive.

The effect of Sr substitution on the morphology, crystal structure, and optical properties of double perovskite oxide Ba Sr ZnWO₆ ( = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00) were investigated. Scanning electronic microscopy demonstrated that all samples have similar microstructure morphology but differ in the range of grain sizes. X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that these materials crystallize in a (Fm-3m) cubic crystal structure, and also confirmed the tolerance factor. Rietveld analysis revealed that the lattice parameter decreased from 8.11834 to 8.039361 Å when the substitution of Ba with Sr cations increased from zero to 100%. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies displayed a symmetric stretching vibration of WO₆ octahedra at 825 cm , and an anti-symmetric stretching mode of WO₆ was observed by FTIR at 620 cm . A strong peak at 420 cm was also observed in the Raman spectra and is due to the W-O-W bending vibration modes. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was carried out for the series, and the band gap energy decreased from 3.27 eV for Ba₂ZnWO₆ to 3.02 and 3.06 eV for Ba Sr ZnWO₆ and Ba Sr ZnWO₆, respectively. The excitation and emission photoluminescence properties were investigated at room temperature.

[Ba.sub.2-x][Sr.sub.x]ZnW[O.sub.6] double perovskite (DP) oxide compounds (x = 1,1.25,1.5,1.75,2) were successfully created by means of conventional solid-state techniques. The crystal structures of our series were studied using an X-ray diffractometer. The x = 1 compound has a cubic (Fm-3m) crystal structure, the 1 [less than or equal to] x [less than or equal to] 2 compounds have tetragonal (I4/m) symmetry, and the phase was transferred to monoclinic ([P2.sub.1]/n) symmetry for the [Ba.sub.2-x][Sr.sub.x]ZnW[O.sub.6] (x = 2) compound. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of the series, showing that the samples had crystallized microstructures. Molecular bonds were investigated using Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies, which confirmed the double perovskite octahedral geometry for the samples in our series. Furthermore, the octahedral W-[O.sub.6] anti-symmetric stretching mode was found to occur. The optical properties of the [Ba.sub.2-x][Sr.sub.x]ZnW[O.sub.6] series were studied using Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. The absorption edge of the samples appeared around the near-violet and visible spectra, between 336-360 nm. The band gap energy was investigated in two ways-using the absorption cutoff and Tauc plots-which increased from 3.52 to 3.7 eV with increasing substitution of [Ba.sup.2+] by [Sr.sup.2+]. Furthermore, excitation and emission spectra were collected at room temperature. A broad band at 260-360 nm appeared in the PLE spectra for all samples, and the PL spectra of the samples had a band that spread from 320-450 nm.

Ferrite nanoparticles are interesting materials due to their rich and unique physical and chemical properties. They find applications in catalysis, bio-processing, medicine, magnetic recording, adsorption, devices, etc. Nanoparticles of Mg 0.25 Co 0.75 Fe2O4 were synthesized by co-precipitation method. Using stable ferric, magnesium and cobalt salts with oleic acid as the surfactant Structural studies are carried out using X ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD pattern of the sample provides information about single- phase formation of spinel structure with cubic symmetry and space group (SG Fd3m) and 0.834 nm lattice constant, which is confirmed by micro Raman measurements at room temperature. From the analysis of powder X-ray diffraction patterns, the nan crystallite size was calculated from the most intense peak (3 1 1) using Scherrer formula. Thus, the size of the particles is found to be ~ 16 ± 5 nm. The lattice constant is obtained using XRD data. The structural morphology of the nanoparticles is studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Formation of spinel structure is confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Vibration frequency and force constant are discussed with the help of FTIR data. The M -H loop of Mg 0.25 Co 0.75 Fe2O4 has been traced using the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and magnetic parameters such as saturation magnetization (MS), coercivity (HC) and retentivity (MR) are obtained from VSM data. Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements revealed that the sample was ferromagnetic material.