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This study's objectives are to ascertain the frequency of congenital tooth missing and evaluate the relationship between gender and side characteristics. This retrospective study involved participants who attended private dental clinics as well as a dental college in Hail, Saudi Arabia. Out of the 1,150 patients examined, 494 (220 males and 274 females) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Different types of tooth agenesis were evaluated and classified into the following categories: mild (one or two teeth missing), moderate (three to five teeth missing), and severe (six or more teeth missing). The analysis did not include third molars. The existence of retained primary teeth was noted, along with any dental abnormalities accompanying tooth agenesis. Statistical analysis was conducted utilizing the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test to explore possible relationships between variables. A significance level of 5% (alpha = 0.05) was utilized. Out of the 1150 panoramic radiographs that were examined, 494 individuals (220 (44.5%) males and 274 (55.5%) females) met the criteria for inclusion. The prevalence of congenitally missing permanent teeth was 65 (13.2%) in the study sample. The prevalence of congenitally missing teeth were more incidence in maxilla 36 (56.3%) than mandible 28 (43.8%). There is statistically significant association between the occurrence of congenitally missing teeth and gender or arch (p < 0.05). The prevalence of dental anomalies was similar in both sides. There are not a statistically significant association (p > 0.05) between the occurrence of congenitally missing teeth and side. The second premolar was the most commonly missing (7.3%). The retained deciduous teeth was shown to be the most common dental anomaly, with a prevalence of 15 (23.4%). The prevalence of congenitally missing teeth fell within the range reported in previous studies. Second premolars were the most frequently congenitally missing teeth, with maxillary teeth more commonly affected than mandibular ones.

Background Ethics is based on moral principles that should be the foundation for every healthcare decision, however, ethical concepts can often be challenging to define in specific clinical scenarios. There are several instances where a practising clinician often finds it difficult to make a proper decision despite maintaining integrity and professionalism. The objective of the present study was to explore the ethical dilemma faced by orthodontists practicing in Saudi Arabia concerning orthodontic treatment. Method This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study that was adapted from the scenarios of ethical dilemmas presented by Jerrold in 1998. Ten orthodontists from each province of Saudi Arabia were requested to participate in this study and the questionnaire were sent through email and their responses were analysed. Results A total of 37 responses were obtained (out of 130) with a response rate of 28.46%. Among them 23 were female and 14 were male. Most participants belonged to the age group 30–39 years and most of them have clinical experience of more than 5 years. There was a wide variation in the responses among the participants in all the scenarios presented. The median likelihood of getting similar scenarios in their clinical practice in Saudi Arabia ranged from 3 to 3.5. Conclusion There was a wide variation in the opinion among the practising orthodontists in Saudi Arabia in the scenarios presented. The presented scenarios are less likely to be perceived in the local context and some new situations of ethical dilemmas are identified.

Background: It is critical to measure children’s opinions of their oral health to understand their attitudes and self‐awareness, spot discrepancies between their perceived and actual health, and develop tailored intervention strategies. In addition, it supports understanding the impact on parenting styles and the general quality of life of the children, resulting in more specialized and effective dental health initiatives. Objectives: The present study was planned to evaluate children’s self‐perceptions towards their oral health status across Saudi Arabia. Methods: Data for this observational study were obtained from children by licensed dentists working in various regions of the country using a nonprobability sampling technique. Inferential and descriptive statistics were used to present data. The World Health Organization (WHO) basic survey method questionnaire was used as a study tool. Results: The present study recruited N = 606 participants by the convenient sampling technique. Almost half (50%) of the participants believed their oral health status to be varied from good to excellent. For certain regions such as Medina and Riyadh, the dominant category of self‐perception was “Excellent,” whilst for Ha’il region, it was found to be “average,” followed by “poor” in Makkah. Self‐perceptions toward the oral health status were found to be associated with various sociodemographic factors, such as parents’ education, age of children, gender, and region. Self‐perception of oral health was significantly associated with parental education, age, gender, and regional differences. Conclusion: Most participants believed their oral health status to be either good or average. The responses varied among regions. The oral health status was found to be associated with sociodemographic variables. Future research should further investigate the factors contributing to regional differences and evaluate targeted interventions. The findings emphasize the importance of tailoring interventions to specific regions, as variations in self‐perceptions of oral health may indicate underlying disparities in health awareness and access to care among children in Saudi Arabia.

Background The presence of dental anomalies alongside malocclusion or disruption of facial symmetry can lead to issues with tooth alignment and performance. The aim of this study was to assess how common dental abnormalities in relation to malocclusion and facial patterns in residents of the Hail province in Saudi Arabia. Methods A Cross section analytical Observational study design employed cephalometric radiographs and orthodontic records sourced from a private practice in Hail City, Saudi Arabia, as well as the College of Dentistry. Patients who were older than nine were included. A variety of developmental abnormalities were evaluated, and the cephalometric radiograph was utilised to determine the facial pattern and measure the ANB angle in order to categorize the type of malocclusion. Fisher’s exact tests were employed together with chi-square analysis to determine the association between the research variables. Nominal regression was used to assess associations between gender, dental anomalies, malocclusion types, and facial pattern. A significance threshold of 0.05 was chosen. Results A combined total of 541 individuals (233 males and 308 females) satisfied the eligibility requirements. A total of 367 individuals exhibited dental anomalies, accounting for 67.8%. Ectopic eruption was observed in 343 cases, making up 49.0% of tooth anomalies; impaction was seen in 191 cases (27.3%), agenesis in 59 cases (8.4%), and short root in 34 cases (4.9%). In terms of malocclusion, class I was the most common at 41.0% of cases, followed by class II div I at 30.7%, class II div II at 14.2%, and class III at 14.0%. There was no statistically significant correlation between gender and the occurrence of dental anomalies ( p  > 0.05). Patients with dental anomalies had the highest incidence of Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions. A significant correlation ( p  < 0.05) was found between the occurrence of dental anomalies and either the types of malocclusions or the various facial patterns. Gender was not significantly associated with dental anomalies or most malocclusion types, except for a borderline lower odds of Class II division 1 in males. The absence of dental anomalies was strongly associated with higher odds of Class II division 2 and borderline higher odds of Class II division 1 compared with Class III. No significant associations were found for facial pattern. Conclusions Dental anomalies were found to be quite common. Dental anomalies were most common in class I, then in class II, then in class III. We found relationships between malocclusions, dental anomalies, and facial patterns. It is critical to use the data to develop appropriate orthodontic treatment and preventive measures for the relevant population.

Background The aim of the study was to determine the facial divergence and lip position combinations that are most and least preferred, and to investigate whether age or gender has an impact on these preferences. Methods The current investigation was carried out on a sample of 1077 individuals who were not experts in the field (253 men and 824 females). The research employed black silhouette photographs of profiles featuring different lip locations and profile divergences. The recruitment of participants was conducted in order to assess the attractiveness of the profiles, employing a Likert scale. The various positions of the lips and variations in facial profiles were thoroughly categorized. Results were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Results The findings of the research demonstrated that aesthetic perceptions displayed diversity when considering different lip locations and profile divergences. It was shown that neutral lip positions were predominantly favored, accounting for approximately 40.2% of the total frequencies in the anterior diverging group. It is noteworthy to highlight the aesthetically pleasing features exhibited by those with the most prominent lip position, occurring at a frequency of 10.9% in straight-diverging group. In the posterior divergent group, the most protruded lip position, showed very attractive aesthetics with frequency (7.1%). Gender, age, region, and level of education had significant influence on aesthetic perception. Conclusions The variety of aesthetic preferences is influenced by the location of the lips and the divergence of the facial profile, resulting in different outcomes within the categories of anterior, straight, and posterior divergence. Clinicians are advised to customize the treatment regimen in order to correspond with the unique desires and preferences of the patient.

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) from dental records prior to orthodontic treatment was used in this investigation to determine the prevalence, characteristics, and associated consequences of Supernumerary teeth (ST). A retrospective analysis of 266 CBCT scans from patients ages 9 to 55 that were obtained between 2010 and 2025 was conducted. Every ST was evaluated for its forms, morphology, position, eruption status, closeness to neighboring roots, and associated complication. The chi-square or Fisher's exact tests and multivariate logistic regression were used. At α = 0.05, the threshold for statistical significance was established. 163 ST were present in 97 patients (36.6%). Among the most prevalent were premolars (38.8%), lateral incisors (21.4%), mesiodens, and canines (15.3% each). The mandible (19.0%) and left side (20.5%) had slightly higher ST rates than the maxilla (16.2%). The majority had impaction (73.5%), inclined position (37.8%), and supplement morphology (51.0%). The overall prevalence did not differ by sex ( = 0.1885), but females showed more crowding and resorption ( < 0.001), while males showed more impactions of ST. This CBCT study reported a high prevalence (36.6%) of ST in a Saudi subpopulation. The mandibular and premolar ST were the most frequently observed and the gender and arch difference was observed with significance. Impaction and delayed eruption were the most common complications. Due to the inherent issues with CBCT-based datasets, and the retrospective design may result in selection bias.

The amount of data regarding the use of herbs/herbal products in cancer clinical trials at times creates a great challenge for oncologists to prescribe or counsel patients. It urges critical evaluation of the quality of clinical trials. Herein, for the first time, the clinical trials for herbs used in cancer were critically evaluated on the basis of three widely used scales, i.e., Jadad, Delphi, and Cochrane scales. The literature was collected with the help of online databases, journals, libraries, and books using a number of specific keywords as mentioned in detail in forthcoming sections. A total of 73 clinical trials were extracted, evaluated, and scored for 14 herbs, according to the predefined criteria mentioned below. A major deficiency of “non-blinding of clinical trials” was observed. The principal component analysis revealed four components (PC1–PC4) with a total variability of 68.21%, wherein the highest percentage variability was observed for PC1 loaded with “non-blinding of the clinical trials, no concealment of the treatment allocation, non-blindness of the patient and care provider”, which accounted for 30.81% of the total variability. The next major variability of 14.70% was observed for PC2 loaded with “non-randomization of the studies, non-blinding of the outcome assessors, no proper drop-out procedures, and lack of information regarding baseline characteristics for the groups”. Pearson’s correlation further confirmed a similar correlation pattern for the mentioned deficiencies (p = 0.05). An in-house grading scale was developed, showing a very small portion (16.44%), i.e., 12/73 studies with a good quality, whereas the majority (57.54%) of the studies, i.e., 42/73, were found to be of poor quality. The rules and regulations governing the quality of clinical trials needs to be more stringent and updated for the natural products/herbs used in cancer clinical trials.

Orthodontic treatment may have iatrogenic consequences for the pulpal tissue. This study describes the endodontic treatment and internal bleaching that were used to treat a necrotic pulp with internal resorption caused by the dentist. This happened to the pulpal tissue after it had been treated with orthodontics. To prevent such iatrogenic consequences for pulpal tissue during orthodontic treatment, it is essential to maintain frequent radiological follow-ups. Regular radiographic examinations can help identify any potential complications early on, allowing for timely intervention and treatment. Additionally, employing light orthodontic force can help minimize the risk of trauma to the pulpal tissue, reducing the likelihood of necrosis and internal resorption.

Patients’ decisions regarding orthodontic treatment are influenced by a variety of factors, such as their subjective opinions of how their oral cavity looks, age, gender, educational level, and income. The present study aimed to measure the orthodontic treatments needs for the Saudi Arabian population, and also to report potential barriers towards it. It is an observational study with cross sectional design. Data was collected from nationals and residents living in Saudi Arabia and who are at least 18 years old. A total of 1184 adult patients (880 females and 304 males) were included in this study. The population for the study was reached and chosen using a non-probability snowball sampling method. A validated and reliable questionnaire was distributed to the participants electronically through google form. Inferential statistics was applied using Pearson Chi Square test. p value < 0.05 was considered significant. The majority of the sample (73.2%) exhibited a favorable attitude toward orthodontic treatment. Most participants including male and female gender wanted orthodontic treatment primarily to have their protruding teeth fixed. The proportion of persons who cited chewing difficulty as the reason they needed orthodontic treatment was strongly influenced by the monthly income variable (p = 0.005). Cost and time of orthodontic therapy were the biggest obstacles to undergoing treatment, accounting for 34.5% and 19.5%, respectively. There was highly significant difference between the underlying medical conditions and the age and monthly income variables (p = 0.000). Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that protruding teeth are the most important treatment needs perceived by the Saudi population, followed by spacing in between teeth, crowding of teeth, and unaesthetic smile. Cost of the orthodontic treatment was identified as the most significant barrier to the treatment needs, followed by long duration of orthodontic treatment, and pain.

BackgroundThis study's objectives are to ascertain the frequency of congenital tooth missing and evaluate the relationship between gender and side characteristics.MethodThis retrospective study involved participants who attended private dental clinics as well as a dental college in Hail, Saudi Arabia. Out of the 1,150 patients examined, 494 (220 males and 274 females) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Different types of tooth agenesis were evaluated and classified into the following categories: mild (one or two teeth missing), moderate (three to five teeth missing), and severe (six or more teeth missing). The analysis did not include third molars. The existence of retained primary teeth was noted, along with any dental abnormalities accompanying tooth agenesis. Statistical analysis was conducted utilizing the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test to explore possible relationships between variables. A significance level of 5% (alpha = 0.05) was utilized.ResultsOut of the 1150 panoramic radiographs that were examined, 494 individuals (220 (44.5%) males and 274 (55.5%) females) met the criteria for inclusion. The prevalence of congenitally missing permanent teeth was 65 (13.2%) in the study sample. The prevalence of congenitally missing teeth were more incidence in maxilla 36 (56.3%) than mandible 28 (43.8%). There is statistically significant association between the occurrence of congenitally missing teeth and gender or arch (p < 0.05). The prevalence of dental anomalies was similar in both sides. There are not a statistically significant association (p > 0.05) between the occurrence of congenitally missing teeth and side. The second premolar was the most commonly missing (7.3%). The retained deciduous teeth was shown to be the most common dental anomaly, with a prevalence of 15 (23.4%).ConclusionsThe prevalence of congenitally missing teeth fell within the range reported in previous studies. Second premolars were the most frequently congenitally missing teeth, with maxillary teeth more commonly affected than mandibular ones.