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Everyone has a . Because survivorship declines relentlessly in populations with age-specific death rates greater than zero, everyone also has a (“s-age”), the age at which a proportion of the population is still alive. S-ages can be estimated for both periods and cohorts. While trajectories of mortality over chronological ages differ (e.g., across populations, over time, by sex, or by any subpopulation), mortality trajectories over s-ages are similar, a sign that populations experience similar mortality dynamics at specific levels of survivorship. We show that this important demographic regularity holds for 23 sex-specific populations analyzed during a period comprising more than 100 years.

It is uncertain whether Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) countries are approaching a single mortality regime. Over the last three decades, LAC has experienced major public health interventions and the highest number of homicides in the world. However, these interventions and homicide rates are not evenly shared across countries. This study documents trends in life expectancy and lifespan variability for 20 LAC countries, 2000-14. By extending a previous method, we decompose differences in lifespan variability between LAC and a developed world benchmark into cause-specific effects. For both sexes, dispersion of amenable diseases through the age span makes the largest contribution to the gap between LAC and the benchmark. Additionally, for males, the concentration of homicides, accidents, and suicides in mid-life further impedes mortality convergence. Great disparity exists in the region: while some countries are rapidly approaching the developed regime, others remain far behind and suffer a clear disadvantage in population health.

This study investigates how structural dimensionality affects the optoelectronic behavior of organic lead–halide hybrid perovskites. Using the chiral cation R-1-phenylethylammonium (PEA), which is known to be able to form both one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) lead–iodide frameworks, we synthesize 1D (PEA)PbI3 and 2D (PEA)2PbI4 compounds through tailored crystallization and deposition routes. X ray diffraction confirms structural purity, while ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) provides insight into the electronic structure and photoresponse. Both materials exhibit a surface photo-voltage (SPV) under visible illumination, reaching a maximum work function shift of 1.5 eV for the 2D phase and 0.4 eV for the 1D phase in the thin-film samples. These results suggest that the 1D phase exhibits a reduced tendency for iodide-vacancy formation, which may result in a more stable response under visible illumination, accompanied by faster relaxation dynamics and more anisotropic charge transport. Overall, our findings highlight the central role of electronic confinement in shaping photoinduced processes in hybrid perovskites and support the consideration of structural dimensionality as a key design parameter for the design of next-generation optoelectronic materials.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), among the most common human genetic conditions and a frequent etiology of kidney failure, is primarily caused by heterozygous PKD1 mutations. Kidney cyst formation occurs when PKD1 dosage falls below a critical threshold. However, no framework exists to harness the remaining allele or reverse PKD1 decline. Here, we show that mRNAs produced by the noninactivated PKD1 allele are repressed via their 3′-UTR miR-17 binding element. Eliminating this motif ( Pkd1 ∆17 ) improves mRNA stability, raises Polycystin-1 levels, and alleviates cyst growth in cellular, ex vivo, and mouse PKD models. Remarkably, Pkd2 is also inhibited via its 3′-UTR miR-17 motif, and Pkd2 ∆17 -induced Polycystin-2 derepression retards cyst growth in Pkd1 -mutant models. Moreover, acutely blocking Pkd1/2 cis-inhibition, including after cyst onset, attenuates murine PKD. Finally, modeling PKD1 ∆17 or PKD2 ∆17 alleles in patient-derived primary ADPKD cultures leads to smaller cysts, reduced proliferation, lower pCreb1 expression, and improved mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, evading 3′-UTR cis-interference and enhancing PKD1/2 mRNA translation is a potentially mutation-agnostic ADPKD-arresting approach. ADPKD, a common aetiology of kidney failure, is caused by heterozygous PKD1 or PKD2 mutations. Here the authors show that preventing 3′-UTR cis-inhibition of mRNAs produced by the non-inactivated PKD1/2 alleles ameliorates preclinical ADPKD.

ObjectiveTo measure sex differences in lifespan based on the probability of males to outlive females.DesignInternational comparison of national and regional sex-specific life tables from the Human Mortality Database and the World Population Prospects.Setting199 populations spanning all continents, between 1751 and 2020.Primary outcome measureWe used the outsurvival statistic ( φ ) to measure inequality in lifespan between sexes, which is interpreted here as the probability of males to outlive females.ResultsIn random pairs of one male and one female at age 0, the probability of the male outliving the female varies between 25% and 50% for life tables in almost all years since 1751 and across almost all populations. We show that φ is negatively correlated with sex differences in life expectancy and positively correlated with the level of lifespan variation. The important reduction of lifespan inequality observed in recent years has made it less likely for a male to outlive a female.ConclusionsAlthough male life expectancy is generally lower than female life expectancy, and male death rates are usually higher at all ages, males have a substantial chance of outliving females. These findings challenge the general impression that ‘men do not live as long as women’ and reveal a more nuanced inequality in lifespans between females and males.

Anaerobic exercise decreases systemic pH and increases metabolic acidosis in athletes, altering the acid-base homeostasis. In addition, nutritional recommendations advising athletes to intake higher amounts of proteins and simple carbohydrates (including from sport functional supplements) could be detrimental to restoring acid-base balance. Here, this specific nutrition could be classified as an acidic diet and defined as ‘Westernized athletic nutrition’. The maintenance of a chronic physiological state of low-grade metabolic acidosis produces detrimental effects on systemic health, physical performance, and inflammation. Therefore, nutrition must be capable of compensating for systemic acidosis from anaerobic exercise. The healthy gut microbiota can contribute to improving health and physical performance in athletes and, specifically, decrease the systemic acidic load through the conversion of lactate from systemic circulation to short-chain fatty acids in the proximal colon. On the contrary, microbial dysbiosis results in negative consequences for host health and physical performance because it results in a greater accumulation of systemic lactate, hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide, bacterial endotoxins, bioamines, and immunogenic compounds that are transported through the epithelia into the blood circulation. In conclusion, the systemic metabolic acidosis resulting from anaerobic exercise can be aggravated through an acidic diet, promoting chronic, low-grade metabolic acidosis in athletes. The individuality of athletic training and nutrition must take into consideration the acid-base homeostasis to modulate microbiota and adaptive physiological responses.

Osseointegration capacity and good mechanical behavior are key to the success of the dental implant. In many investigations, comparisons of properties are made using different dental implant designs and therefore the results can be influenced by the macrodesign of the dental implant. In this work, studies were carried out with the same dental implant model using different roughness and different materials—commercially pure titanium (grade 4) and zirconia. For this purpose, 80 smooth passivated titanium (Ti), 80 smooth zirconia (ZrO2), and 80 rough passivated titanium (Ti-R) dental implants were used. The samples were characterized by their roughness, wettability, surface energy, residual stresses, and fatigue behavior. The implants were implanted in minipigs for 4 and 12 weeks. The animals were sacrificed, and histological studies were carried out to determine the osseointegration parameters for each of the implantation times. Ti and ZrO2 dental implants have very similar wettability and surface energy properties. However, the roughness causes a decrease in the hydrophilic character and a decrease of the total surface energy and especially the dispersive component, while the polar component is higher. Due to the compressive residual stresses of alumina sandblasting, the rough dental implant has the best fatigue behavior, followed by Ti and due to the lack of toughness and rapid crack propagation the ZrO2 implants have the worst fatigue behavior. The bone index contact (BIC) values for 4 weeks were around 25% for Ti, 32% for ZrO2, and 45% for Ti-R. After 12 weeks the Ti dental implants increased to 42%, for Ti, 43% for ZrO2, and an important increase to 76% was observed for Ti-R implants. In vivo results showed that the key factor that improves osseointegration is roughness. There was no significant difference between ZrO2 and Ti implants without sandblasting.

Aims Readmission after hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (HF) remains a major public health problem. Use of remote dielectric sensing (ReDS) to measure lung water volume allows for an objective assessment of volume status and may guide medical optimization for HF. We hypothesized that the use of ReDS would lower 30 day readmission in patients referred to rapid follow‐up (RFU) clinic after HF discharge. Methods and results We conducted a retrospective analysis of the use of ReDS for patients scheduled for RFU within 10 days post‐discharge for HF at Mount Sinai Hospital between 1 July 2017 and 31 July 2018. Diuretics were adjusted using a pre‐specified algorithm. The association between use of ReDS and 30 day readmission was evaluated. A total of 220 patients were included. Mean age was 62.9 ± 14.7 years, and 36.4% were female. ReDS was performed in 80 (36.4%) and led to medication adjustment in 52 (65%). Use of ReDS was associated with a lower rate of 30 day cardiovascular readmission [2.6% vs. 11.8%, hazard ratio (HR): 0.21; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.05–0.89; P = 0.04] and a trend towards lower all‐cause readmission (6.5% vs. 14.1%, HR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.16–1.15; P = 0.09) as compared with patients without a ReDS assessment. Conclusions ReDS‐guided HF therapy during RFU after HF hospitalization may be associated with lower risk of 30 day readmission.

One of the most important challenges in endodontics is to have files that have excellent flexibility, toughness, and high fatigue life. Superelastic NiTi alloys have been a breakthrough and the new R-phase NiTi alloys promise to further optimize the good properties of NiTi alloys. In this work, two austenitic phase endodontic files with superelastic properties (Protaper and F6) and two austenitic phase files with the R-phase (M-wire and Reciproc) have been studied. The transformation temperatures were studied by calorimetry. Molds reproducing root canals at different angles (30, 45, and 70°) were obtained with cooling and loads simulating those used in the clinic. Mechanical cycles of different files were realized to fracture. Transformation temperatures were determined at different number of cycles. The different files were heat treated at 300 and 500 °C as the aging process, and the transformation temperatures were also determined. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the fractography and precipitates of the files. The results show that files with the R-phase have higher fracture cycles than files with only the austenitic phase. The fracture cycles depend on the angle of insertion in the root canal, with the angle of 70° being the one with the lowest fracture cycles in all cases. The R-Phase transformation increases the energy absorbed by the NiTi to produce the austenitic to R-phase and to produce the martensitic transformation causing the increase in the fracture cycles. Mechanical cycling leads to significant increases in the transformation temperatures Ms and Af as well as Rs and Rf. No changes in the transformation temperatures were observed for aging at 300 °C, but the appearance of Ni4Ti3 precipitates was observed in the aging treatments to the Nickel-rich files that correspond to those with the R transition. These results should be considered by endodontists to optimize the type of files for clinical therapy.

RNA-seq technology has been widely used for the characterization of the transcriptome profile induced by several diseases in both humans and animals. In the present study, RNA-seq was used to identify the differential expression of genes associated with the immune response in cattle infected with two different strains of Babesia bigemina, both derived from the same Mexican field isolate, which exhibit distinct phenotypic characteristics: the virulent strain, capable of producing acute clinical signs, and the attenuated strain, capable of stimulating a protective immune response when used as an immunogen with an efficacy greater than 80%. The differential gene expression analysis performed revealed a total of 620 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). However, the intersection of the edgeR and DESeq2 programs used in the bioinformatics analysis only identified 247 DEGs, of which 108 genes were enriched to be closely correlated with the bovine immune response based on gene ontology terms; most of the DEGs obtained encode proteins associated with the major histocompatibility complex, immunoglobulins, and T-cell surface receptors. The infection caused by the attenuated strain induced higher transcription of immune response genes compared to the infection caused by the virulent strain; nonetheless, in both infections, a greater down-regulation than up-regulation was observed. Different immunoglobulin-associated genes were found to be up-regulated in the group inoculated with the attenuated strain, whereas these were down-regulated in the virulent strain-inoculated group. In addition, an up-regulation of the HSPA6, CD163, and SLC11a1 genes was observed in the group inoculated with the virulent strain, previously reported in other Apicomplexan infections. The findings provide relevant information that could contribute to clarifying the immune response associated with an acute bovine babesiosis infection by B. bigemina.