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We combined survey, mobility, and infections data in greater Boston, MA to simulate the effects of racial disparities in the inclination to become vaccinated on continued infection rates and the attainment of herd immunity. The simulation projected marked inequities, with communities of color experiencing infection rates 3 times higher than predominantly White communities and reaching herd immunity 45 days later on average. Persuasion of individuals uncertain about vaccination was crucial to preventing the worst inequities but could only narrow them so far because 1/5th of Black and Latinx individuals said that they would never vaccinate. The results point to a need for well-crafted, compassionate messaging that reaches out to those most resistant to the vaccine.

A pandemic, like other disasters, changes how systems work. In order to support research on how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the dynamics of a single metropolitan area and the communities therein, we developed and made publicly available a “data-support system” for the city of Boston. We actively gathered data from multiple administrative (e.g., 911 and 311 dispatches, building permits) and internet sources (e.g., Yelp, Craigslist), capturing aspects of housing and land use, crime and disorder, and commercial activity and institutions. All the data were linked spatially through BARI’s Geographical Infrastructure, enabling conjoint analysis. We curated the base records and aggregated them to construct ecometric measures (i.e., descriptors of a place) at various geographic scales, all of which were also published as part of the database. The datasets were published in an open repository, each accompanied by a detailed documentation of methods and variables. We anticipate updating the database annually to maintain the tracking of the records and associated measures.Measurement(s)Neighborhood contextTechnology Type(s)Naturally-occurring dataSample Characteristic - EnvironmentCity neighborhoodsSample Characteristic - LocationBoston, MA, USA

Electronic cigarette (EC) is widely advertised as a safe alternative to traditional cigarette (TC). We aimed to investigate the cardiovascular effect of EC with/without nicotine compared with TC. We systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL for randomized controlled trials that compared the effect of different smoking modalities on cardiovascular function up to 1 October 2024. Analysis used the weighted mean difference (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) via Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, version 3.0. The study evaluated key cardiovascular parameters, including pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index at 75 beats/min (AIx75), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. We analysed 9 trials involving 370 participants. Acute exposure to EC with nicotine (ECN) compared with nicotine-free EC (EC0) increased PWV (WMD = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.14–0.38, P < 0.001), AIx75 (WMD = 4.29; 95% CI: 2.07–6.51, P < 0.001), and HR (WMD = 5.06; 95% CI: 2.13–7.98, P = 0.001), significantly. In contrast, comparison between ECN and TC revealed no significant differences in FMD (WMD = 0.80; 95% CI: −0.09–1.70, P = 0.08). Our meta-analysis suggests that ECN acutely increases arterial stiffness more than EC0 does. Additionally, we found that the acute effect of ECN on endothelial dysfunction is not different from TC. Therefore, our study suggests that vaping cannot be considered as a safe substitute for TC. Further investigation is needed to explore the long-term cardiovascular effects of vaping and its modalities.

The data collection tool included a questionnaire (demographic information, 5 questions about satisfaction with teeth, willingness to perform aesthetics treatments) and dental examination (in terms of shape, size, color, presence of fracture) and measurement of the dental plaque index. Data was introduced in the computer and analyzed with a SPSS 21 software using t-test, linear regression and ANOVA, at a significance level of 0.05.Results and discussion. [...]a demographic questionnaire that included gender, age, parents' education level, economic status and student's selfdeclaration on the level of satisfaction for the aspect of teeth, with 5 questions with options of completely satisfied (score 3), neither satisfied nor dissatisfied (score 2) and dissatisfied (score 1), was filled in by the students. [...]score 1 showed the existence of plaque and score 0 - the absence of plaque.