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Due to the extensive application of antibiotics in medical and farming practices, the continued diversification and development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has attracted serious public concern. With the emergence of AMR and the failure to treat bacterial infections, it has led to an increased interest in searching for novel antibacterial substances such as natural antimicrobial substances, including microbial volatile compounds (MVCs), plant-derived compounds, and antimicrobial peptides. However, increasing observations have revealed that AMR is associated not only with the use of antibacterial substances but also with tolerance to heavy metals existing in nature and being used in agriculture practice. Additionally, bacteria respond to environmental stresses, e.g., nutrients, oxidative stress, envelope stress, by employing various adaptive strategies that contribute to the development of AMR and the survival of bacteria. Therefore, we need to elucidate thoroughly the factors and conditions affecting AMR to take comprehensive measures to control the development of AMR.

Public unrest about the use of antimicrobial agents in farming practice is the leading cause of increasing and the emergences of Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria that have placed pressure on the agri-food industry to act. The usage of antimicrobials in food and agriculture have direct or indirect effects on the development of Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) by bacteria associated with animals and plants which may enter the food chain through consumption of meat, fish, vegetables or some other food sources. In addition to antimicrobials, recent reports have shown that AMR is associated with tolerance to heavy metals existing naturally or used in agri-food production. Besides, biocides including disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives which are widely used in farms and slaughter houses may also contribute in the development of AMR. Though the direct transmission of AMR from food-animals and related environment to human is still vague and debatable, the risk should not be neglected. Therefore, combined global efforts are necessary for the proper use of antimicrobials, heavy metals and biocides in agri-food production to control the development of AMR. These collective measures will preserve the effectiveness of existing antimicrobials for future generations.

Doxycycline hydrochloride and florfenicol combination (DoxHcl&FF) is an effective treatment for respiratory diseases. In the study, our objective was to evaluate the activity of DoxHcl&FF against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) in porcine pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) and the optimal dosage scheme to avoid the development of resistance. The DoxHcl&FF was administered intramuscularly (IM) at 20 mg/kg, and the PELF was collected at different time points. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-mortality curves were also included in the study. Based on the sigmoid E max equation and dose equations, the study integrated the in vivo pharmacokinetic data of infected pigs and ex vivo pharmacodynamic data to obtain the area under concentration time curve (AUC 0-24h )/MIC values in PELF and achieve bacteriostatic activity, bactericidal activity and the virtual eradication of bacteria. The study showed that the combination of DoxHcl and FF caused no significant changes in PK parameters. The peak concentration (C max ) of FF in healthy and diseased pigs was 8.87 ± 0.08 μg/mL and 8.67 ± 0.07 μg/mL, the AUC 0-24h were 172.75 ± 2.52 h·μg/mL and 180.22 ± 3.13 h·μg/mL, the C max of DoxHcl was 7.91 ± 0.09 μg/mL and 7.99 ± 0.05 μg/mL, and the AUC 0-24h was 129.96 ± 3.70 h·μg/mL and 169.82 ± 4.38 h·μg/mL. DoxHcl&FF showed strong concentration-dependent tendencies. The bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and elimination activity were calculated as 5.61, 18.83 and 32.68 h, and the doses were 1.37 (bacteriostatic), 4.59 (bactericidal) and 7.99 (elimination) mg/kg. These findings indicated that the calculated recommended dose could assist in achieving more precise administration, increasing the effectiveness of DoxHcl&FF treatment for APP infections.

Urbanization increases regional impervious surface area, which generally reduces hydrologic response time and therefore increases flood risk. The objective of this work is to investigate the sensitivities of urban flooding to urban land growth through simulation of flood flows under different urbanization conditions and during different flooding stages. A sub-watershed in Toronto, Canada, with urban land conversion was selected as a test site for this study. In order to investigate the effects of urbanization on changes in urban flood risk, land use maps from six different years (1966, 1971, 1976, 1981, 1986, and 2000) and of six simulated land use scenarios (0%, 20%, 40%, 60, 80%, and 100% impervious surface area percentages) were input into coupled hydrologic and hydraulic models. The results show that urbanization creates higher surface runoff and river discharge rates and shortened times to achieve the peak runoff and discharge. Areas influenced by flash flood and floodplain increases due to urbanization are related not only to overall impervious surface area percentage but also to the spatial distribution of impervious surface coverage. With similar average impervious surface area percentage, land use with spatial variation may aggravate flash flood conditions more intensely compared to spatially uniform land use distribution.

With the rapid growth rate of China’s economy, the extensive pattern of economic growth of “high energy consumption and low output” has magnified the constraints of energy issues on China’s economic development and environmental protection, which highlights the importance of improving energy efficiency. As one of the three major economic zones in China, the Pearl River Delta region also faces high energy consumption and pollution emissions while developing at a high speed. Hence, improving the energy efficiency of the Pearl River Delta region is needed, as it not only is conducive to driving its development of the surrounding green economy, but also promotes the subsequent sustainable economic development. However, there are few literatures on the calculation and analysis of energy efficiency in the Pearl River Delta, and lacking a systematic analysis of input–output index system of energy efficiency measurement. Therefore, this paper calculates the energy efficiencies and the Malmquist indexes based on the panel data of the nine cities in the Pearl River Delta from 2005 to 2019 through super-efficiency SBM model and Malmquist index method by using MAXDEA and MATLAB software. The result illustrates that all regions in the Pearl River Delta except Guangzhou and Shenzhen show obvious energy inefficiency, which is mainly caused by the imbalance between technical efficiency and scale efficiency. Based on the calculation results, this paper gives some relevant suggestions for the further approach of energy reform in the Pearl River Delta according to the calculation results.

Ice and snow on transmission lines in alpine areas lead to increased tower load and short circuits of transmission lines. Tower collapses and power outages caused by ice have a serious impact on factory production and people’s lives. With the development of robot technology, deicing robots have become an important research direction to solve the icing problem of transmission lines. The deicing robot mainly completes actions such as walking, obstacle crossing, and deicing on the transmission line. In the process of robot walking, accurate identification of obstacles on the transmission line is the basic condition for the deicing robot to complete the deicing work, which provides a basic guarantee for the deicing robot to cross the obstacles. Therefore, in this paper, a visual recognition method based on a depth camera is proposed by combining the obstacle characteristics on the 220 KV high-voltage transmission line.

The combination of radio frequency (RF) and free-space optical (FSO) communication has grown in importance as a study area for wireless communication systems in recent years. This technology has the ability to address the rising need for high-speed, high-capacity wireless communication in a variety of applications by successfully integrating the benefits of both RF and FSO communication. The performance analysis of various communication systems based on RF-FSO hybrid technology is covered in detail in this research. An overview of the RF-FSO hybrid technology and its many architectures follows the introduction of the key features and benefits of RF and FSO communication. The performance analysis of several RF-FSO hybrid communication systems, including relay-assisted RF-FSO systems, cooperative diversity RF-FSO systems, and dual-hop RF-FSO systems, are discussed in detail. The performance metrics, such as bit error rate (BER), outage probability, and channel capacity, is analyzed and compared for these systems. Based on the analysis of existing literature, several key conclusions are drawn. First, RF-FSO hybrid technology can provide higher data rates and greater reliability than traditional communication systems. Secondly, the performance of the RF-FSO hybrid system, which combines the advantages of RF technology and FSO technology, has bright development prospects. Finally, the RF-FSO hybrid system can also be combined with other systems for better performance and wider application scenarios.

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This article treats the familiar triad “Gold, God, and Glory” as a heuristic to track how commercial, missionary, and reputational aims were configured within overlapping jurisdictions of the Portuguese world. Through three cases—the 1552 clash in Malacca between St. Francis Xavier and Captain D. Álvaro de Ataíde da Gama; the Gama family’s bargaining over offices and revenues; and the 1759 expulsion of the Society of Jesus—it argues that localized, negotiable frictions in the sixteenth century evolved into a structural confrontation by the mid-eighteenth century. Drawing on published Jesuit correspondence and secondary analyses of royal and municipal records, the study shows how missions initially supported metropolitan aims yet increasingly challenged them as Jesuit educational networks and revenue-bearing assets expanded. The Malacca dispute is read as a jurisdictional struggle over diplomatic access and rents, not merely a moral drama. The 1750 Treaty of Madrid and the Guaraní War further politicized perceptions of Jesuit wealth and influence, while the Lisbon-centered reform agenda after 1755 turned tension into rupture.

【目的】探究不同节水措施与强度对河套灌区典型灌域水盐动态的影响，为节水灌溉条件下的灌区水盐精准调控提供理论依据。【方法】以河套灌区沙壕渠分干灌域为研究区，构建水盐运移耦合模型，利用2018年和2019年实测数据进行模型率定和验证，设置基准方案和6种节水措施与强度的情景方案，分析其对地下水位、土壤盐分累积及作物腾发量的影响。【结果】减少灌溉定额导致地下水位显著下降并加剧盐分累积，渠道衬砌在节水的同时增加排盐量，井渠结合方案因使用微咸地下水灌溉，导致最终积盐量显著增加。地下水位降幅与节水强度呈显著线性关系，节水比例每增加10%（34.5 mm），地下水位降幅增加0.183 m。0~1 m土层可分为0~0.2 m脱盐区、0.2~0.4 m过渡区和0.4~1.0 m积盐区，且地下水补给与排盐过程存在负相关，地下水补给量每增加10 mm，排盐量减少33.9 g/m2。各方案下的作物腾发量变化较小。【结论】渠道衬砌是优化灌区水盐动态的有效措施，可实现节水与控盐双重效益，减少灌溉定额和井渠结合方案会在一定程度上加剧土壤盐分累积。