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"An, L."
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Heat stress upregulation of Toll-like receptors 2/4 and acute inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of Bama miniature pigs: an in vivo and in vitro study
Global warming is a challenge to animal health, because of increased heat stress, with subsequent induction of immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to disease. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are pattern recognition receptors that act as sentinels of pathogen invasion and tissue damage. Ligation of TLRs results in a signaling cascade and production of inflammatory cytokines, which eradicate pathogens and maintain the health of the host. We hypothesized that the TLR signaling pathway plays a role in immunosuppression in heat-stressed pigs. We explored the changes in the expression of TLR2, TLR4 and the concentration of acute inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-8, IL-12 and IFN-γ in Bama miniature pigs subjected to 21 consecutive days of heat stress, both in vitro and in vivo models. The results showed that heat stress induced the upregulation of cortisol in the plasma of pigs (P<0.05); TLR4 mRNA was elevated, but IL-2 was reduced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC, P<0.05). The white blood cell count and the percentage of granulocytes (eosinophilic+basophilic) decreased significantly in heat-stressed pigs (P<0.05). In the in vitro model (PBMC heat shocked for 1 h followed by a 9 h recovery period), TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression also increased, as did the concentration of IL-12 in supernatants. However, IFN-γ was significantly reduced in PBMC culture supernatants (P<0.05). We concluded that a consecutive heat stress period elevated the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in PBMC and increased the plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. These data indicate that TLR activation and dysregulation of cytokine expression in response to prolonged heat stress may be associated with immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to antigenic challenge in Bama miniature pigs.
Journal Article
Characteristics and formation mechanism of continuous hazes in China: a case study during the autumn of 2014 in the North China Plain
Four extreme haze episodes occurred in October 2014 in the North China Plain (NCP). To clarify the formation mechanism of hazes in autumn, strengthened observations were conducted in Beijing from 5 October to 2 November. The meteorological parameters, satellite data, chemical compositions and optical properties of aerosols were obtained. The hazes originated from the NCP, developing in the southwest and northeast directions, with the highest concentration of PM2.5 of 469 μg m−3 in Beijing. The NCP was dominated by a weak high pressure system during the haze episode, which resulted in low surface wind speed and relatively stagnant weather. Moreover, the wind slowed down around Beijing city. The secondary aerosols NO3− was always higher than that of SO42−, which indicated the motor vehicles played a more important part in the hazes in October 2014, even though the oxidation rate from SO2 to SO42− was faster than that of NOx to NO3−. Sudden increases of the concentrations of organic matter, Cl− and BC (black carbon) before each haze episode implied that regional transport of pollutants by biomass burning was important for haze formation during autumn. A satellite map of fire points and the backward trajectories of the air masses also indicated this pollution source. The distinct decrease in the PBL (planetary boundary layer) height during four haze episodes restrained the vertical dispersion of the air pollutants. Water vapor also played a vital role in the formation of hazes by accelerating the chemical transformation of secondary pollutants, leading to hygroscopic growth of aerosols and altering the thermal balance of the atmosphere.
Journal Article
السياسات التنموية : مقدمة حول القضايا والمسائل العالمية
يتناول كتاب (السياسات التنموية : مقدمة حول القضايا والمسائل العالمية) والذي قام بتأليفه (جون ل. ساتيز) في حوالي (234) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (التنمية الاقتصادية) مستعرضا المحتويات التالية : ثروة الشعوب وفقرها، السكان والتنمية، الغذاء والتنمية، الطاقة والتنمية، البيئة والتنمية، التكنولوجيا والتنمية، البدائل المستقبلية، صدر الكتاب عن دار عمار للنشر والتوزيع.
Book
Anaesthetic depth and complications after major surgery: an international, randomised controlled trial
An association between increasing anaesthetic depth and decreased postoperative survival has been shown in observational studies; however, evidence from randomised controlled trials is lacking. Our aim was to compare all-cause 1-year mortality in older patients having major surgery and randomly assigned to light or deep general anaesthesia.
In an international trial, we recruited patients from 73 centres in seven countries who were aged 60 years and older, with significant comorbidity, having surgery with expected duration of more than 2 h, and an anticipated hospital stay of at least 2 days. We randomly assigned patients who had increased risk of complications after major surgery to receive light general anaesthesia (bispectral index [BIS] target 50) or deep general anaesthesia (BIS target 35). Anaesthetists also nominated an appropriate range for mean arterial pressure for each patient during surgery. Patients were randomly assigned in permuted blocks by region immediately before surgery, with the patient and assessors masked to group allocation. The primary outcome was 1-year all-cause mortality. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12612000632897, and is closed to accrual.
Patients were enrolled between Dec 19, 2012, and Dec 12, 2017. Of the 18 026 patients screened as eligible, 6644 were enrolled, randomly assigned to treatment or control, and formed the intention-to-treat population (3316 in the BIS 50 group and 3328 in the BIS 35 group). The median BIS was 47·2 (IQR 43·7 to 50·5) in the BIS 50 group and 38·8 (36·3 to 42·4) in the BIS 35 group. Mean arterial pressure was 3·5 mm Hg (4%) higher (median 84·5 [IQR 78·0 to 91·3] and 81·0 [75·4 to 87·6], respectively) and volatile anaesthetic use was 0·26 minimum alveolar concentration (30%) lower (0·62 [0·52 to 0·73] and 0·88 [0·74 to 1·04], respectively) in the BIS 50 than the BIS 35 group. 1-year mortality was 6·5% (212 patients) in the BIS 50 group and 7·2% (238 patients) in the BIS 35 group (hazard ratio 0·88, 95% CI 0·73 to 1·07, absolute risk reduction 0·8%, 95% CI −0·5 to 2·0). Grade 3 adverse events occurred in 954 (29%) patients in the BIS 50 group and 909 (27%) patients in the BIS 35 group; and grade 4 adverse events in 265 (8%) and 259 (8%) patients, respectively. The most commonly reported adverse events were infections, vascular disorders, cardiac disorders, and neoplasms.
Among patients at increased risk of complications after major surgery, light general anaesthesia was not associated with lower 1-year mortality than deep general anaesthesia. Our trial defines a broad range of anaesthetic depth over which anaesthesia may be safely delivered when titrating volatile anaesthetic concentrations using a processed electroencephalographic monitor.
Health Research Council of New Zealand; National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; Research Grant Council of Hong Kong; National Institute for Health and Research, UK; and National Institutes of Health, USA.
Journal Article
آل أوباما : القصة غير المروية لعائلة إفريقية
كل ما نعرفه في الحقيقة هو نصف أوباما وهنا نصفه الآخر. معلومات عن نسبه أذهلته هو شخصيا، كتاب أرهق مؤلفه بما جمعه من معلومات طريفة ومذهلة لم يكن الحصول عليها بالأمر اليسير، استهدفت النصف غير المعروف من الرئيس الأميركي باراك أوباما. تمكن المؤلف، وهو مخرج أفلام وثائقية، من العودة بالزمن مئات السنين ليكتشف انتماء الرئيس إلى شعب “اللو“ الذي تتحدر جيناته من محاربين أفارقة قدامى. يصف المؤلف كيف انطلقت قبائل سلالة أوباما من السودان عبر سنين طويلة لتستقر أخيرا في كينيا. ويورد الكثير من التفاصيل الممتعة عن نمط حياتها ومعتقداتها وحروبها واستراتيجياتها ومستعمراتها وقلاعها وتميزها بالعجرفة والغرور. وقد تمكن من تجميع قطع هذه اللوحة المتكاملة من معلومات استقاها عبر رحلته إلى القرية الكينية التي تحدر منها أوباما؛ ومقابلاته مع معظم أقرباء الرئيس، مغطيا نشأته ومعاناته في مرحلة الشباب جراء عدم تأقلمه مع إرثه العرقي، ومكانته الآن في كينيا التي يعتبره شعبها أشبه بالقديسين، والظروف التي أوصلته إلى زعامة البيت الأبيض.
BOOK
Li+(ionophore) nanoclusters engineered aqueous/non-aqueous biphasic electrolyte solutions for high-potential lithium-based batteries
The use of aqueous/non-aqueous biphasic electrolyte solutions in Li-based battery systems circumvents the limitations of poor reductive stability of aqueous electrolyte solutions, broadening their electrochemical stability window. However, aqueous/non-aqueous electrolytes suffer from biphasic mixing and high impedance when Li ions cross the biphasic interface. Here we propose the use of 12-crown-4 (12C4) and tetraglyme (G4) as lithium ionophores to form Li
+
(ionophore) nanoclusters in both non-aqueous and aqueous phases to overcome the interface challenges in biphasic electrolytes. The Li
+
(ionophore) nanoclusters have the H
2
O-excluding inner Li
+
solvation structure in non-polar 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE), allowing fast charge transport across the biphasic interface without solvent mixing or water shuttling. A tailored electrolyte formulation comprising the lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt, 12C4, TTE and H
2
O solvents (labelled LiTFSI−12C4@TTE/H
2
O) demonstrates low impedance (2.7 Ω cm
−
2
) at the TTE/H
2
O interface and enabling 2,000 cycles of prelithiated graphite||LiFePO
4
coin cells at 850 mA g
−1
with an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.8%. Single-layer 22.5 mAh Li||LiMn
2
O
4
pouch cells using LiTFSI−12C4@TTE/H
2
O electrolyte with G4 delivered a stable discharge capacity of about 1.3 mAh cm
−2
for 80 cycles at 0.5 mA cm
−2
.
Aqueous and non-aqueous Li-based electrolyte solutions have narrow electrochemical stability windows, which hinder the operation of batteries at high cell potentials. Here, to circumvent this limitation, the authors propose the combined use of tailored aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions in various Li-based cell configurations.
Journal Article
الملف النووي لصدام حسين : البرنامج السري وسيف الاجتياح
يختبر هذا الكتاب الأسباب التي دفعت صدام للسعي من أجل الحصول على أسلحة نووية، وكجانب أساس من هذا السؤال : كيف يمكن الصدام توظيف هذه القدرة في حال اكتسابها ؟ ! سواء أكان للردع أو لخوض القتال أو لشيء آخر، فهو صفه صانع القرار الرئيس والأوحد في العراق، كان نمط تفكير صدام محوريا وحاس وفي هذا السياق، يمثل تصور الديكتاتور للتهديدات الإقليمية المحيطة به-لاسيما من جانب إيران وإسرائيل-يمثل دافعه الأساس، فضلا عن ذلك، نظر صدام إلى حيازة الأسلحة النووية كوسيلة فعالة للمساعدة في منح غطاء الشرعية لنظامه، وتلميع صورته في الوطن، وضمن العالم العربي، كزعيم للتحديث وحام للمصالح الوطنية والقومية.
BOOK
Arbitrarily Sparse Spectra for Self-Affine Spectral Measures
Given an expansive matrix
R
∈
M
d
(ℤ) and a finite set of digit
B
taken from ℤ
d
/
R
(
ℤ
d
). It was shown previously that if we can find an
L
such that (
R, B, L
) forms a Hadamard triple, then the associated fractal self-affine measure generated by (
R, B
) admits an exponential orthonormal basis of certain frequency set Λ, and hence it is termed as a spectral measure. In this paper, we show that if #
B
< ∣det(
R
)∣, not only it is spectral, we can also construct arbitrarily sparse spectrum Λ in the sense that its Beurling dimension is zero.
Journal Article