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1. An increasing number of studies are examining the distribution and congruence of ecosystem services, often with the goal of identifying areas that will provide multiple ecosystem service ' hotspots'. However, there is a paucity of data on most ecosystem services, so proxies (e. g. estimates of a service for a particular land cover type) are frequently used to map their distribution. To date, there has been little attempt to quantify the effects of using proxies on distribution maps of ecosystem services, despite the potentially large errors associated with such data sets. 2. Here, we provide the first study examining the effects of using proxies on ecosystem service maps and the degree of spatial congruence of these maps with primary data, using England as a case study. 3. We show that land cover based proxies provide a poor fit to primary data surfaces for biodiversity, recreation and carbon storage, and that correlations between ecosystem services change depending on whether primary or proxy data are used for the analyses. 4. The poor fit of proxies to primary data was also evident when we selected hotspots of single ecosystem services, and consistency between raw and modelled surfaces was extremely low when considering the locations that were coincident hotspots for multiple services. 5. Synthesis and applications. Proxies may be suitable for identifying broad-scale trends in ecosystem services, but even relatively good proxies are likely to be unsuitable for identifying hotspots or priority areas for multiple services.

OBJECTIVE:--To determine whether insulin restriction increases morbidity and mortality in women with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--This is an 11-year follow-up study of women with type 1 diabetes. A total of 234 women (60% of the original cohort) participated in the follow-up. Mean age was 45 years and mean diabetes duration was 28 years at follow-up. Mean BMI was 25 kg/m² and mean A1C was 7.9%. Measures of diabetes self-care behaviors, diabetes-specific distress, fear of hypoglycemia, psychological distress, and eating disorder symptoms were administered at baseline. At follow-up, mortality data were collected through state and national databases. Follow-up data regarding diabetes complications were gathered by self-report. RESULTS:--Seventy-one women (30%) reported insulin restriction at baseline. Twenty-six women died during follow-up. Based on multivariate Cox regression analysis, insulin restriction conveyed a threefold increased risk of mortality after controlling for baseline age, BMI, and A1C. Mean age of death was younger for insulin restrictors (45 vs. 58 years, P < 0.01). Insulin restrictors reported higher rates of nephropathy and foot problems at follow-up. Deceased women had reported more frequent insulin restriction (P < 0.05) and reported more eating disorder symptoms (P < 0.05) at baseline than their living counterparts. CONCLUSIONS:--Our data demonstrate that insulin restriction is associated with increased rates of diabetes complications and increased mortality risk. Mortality associated with insulin restriction appeared to occur in the context of eating disorder symptoms, rather than other psychological distress. We propose a screening question appropriate for routine diabetes care to improve detection of this problem.

Updated and Revised Diabetes Family Conflict Scale Korey K. Hood , PHD 1 , Deborah A. Butler , MSW 1 , Barbara J. Anderson , PHD 2 and Lori M.B. Laffel , MD, MPH 1 1 Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Section, Genetics and Epidemiology Section, Behavioral Research and Mental Health Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 2 Children's Nutrition Research Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Address correspondence and reprint requests to Lori Laffel, MD, MPH, Pediatric, Adolescent, and Young Adult Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail: lori.laffel{at}joslin.harvard.edu Abstract OBJECTIVE — The purpose of this study was to update the Diabetes Family Conflict Scale (DFCS) in the era of intensive diabetes management and provide an indication of its psychometric properties. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — The revised DFCS and measures of negative emotions around blood glucose monitoring (BGM), quality of life, and perceived parental burden from diabetes management were completed by 202 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their primary caregivers. Insulin regimen, adherence, and glycemic control were also assessed. RESULTS — The revised DFCS demonstrated strong psychometric properties. There was acceptable internal consistency for child and caregiver forms of the DFCS. Factor analysis revealed two factors related to direct and indirect management tasks. Both child ( r = 0.27, P < 0.01) and caregiver ( r = 0.26, P < 0.01) DFCS scores were correlated with A1C values. Multivariate analysis of factors usually associated with A1C values showed an additive, independent contribution of diabetes-specific family conflict to the prediction of glycemic control: F (12,189) = 6.17, P < 0.01, R 2 = 0.28. Conflict around direct management tasks (e.g., BGM) was a more important predictor of higher A1C levels than conflict around indirect management tasks (e.g., telling friends about diabetes). CONCLUSIONS — The revised and updated DFCS demonstrates strong psychometric properties and can be used as a tool for measuring the level of diabetes-specific conflict in families with children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. BGM, blood glucose monitoring BGMC, Blood Glucose Monitoring Communication DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial DFCS, Diabetes Family Conflict Scale PAID, Problem Areas in Diabetes PedsQL, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Footnotes Published ahead of print at http://care.diabetesjournals.org on 19 March 2007. DOI: 10.2337/dc06-2358. A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. Accepted March 14, 2007. Received November 17, 2006. DIABETES CARE

Land cover change is a key component of anthropogenic global environmental change, contributing to changes in environmental conditions of habitats. Deforestation is globally the most widespread and anthropogenically driven land cover change leading to conversion from closed forest to open non-forest habitat. This study investigates the relative roles of geographic features, characteristics of species climatic niche and species traits in determining the ability of open-habitat plant species to take advantage of recently opened habitats. We use current occurrence records of 18 herbaceous, predominantly open-habitat species of the genus Acaena (Rosaceae) to determine their prevalence in recently opened habitat. We tested correlation of species prevalence in anthropogenically opened habitat with (i) geographic features of the spatial distribution of open habitat, (ii) characteristics of species climatic niche, and (iii) species traits related to dispersal. While primary open habitat (naturally open) was characterised by cold climates, secondary open habitat (naturally closed but anthropogenically opened) is characterised by warmer and wetter conditions. We found high levels of variation in the species prevalence in secondary open habitat indicating species differences in their ability to colonise newly opened habitat. For the species investigated, geographical features of habitat and climatic niche factors showed generally stronger relationships with species prevalence in secondary open habitat than functional traits. Therefore, for small herbaceous species, geographical features of habitat and environmental factors appear to be more important than species functional traits for facilitating expansion into secondary open habitats. Our results suggested that the land cover change might have triggered the shifts of factors controlling open-habitat plant distributions from the competition with forest trees to current environmental constraints.

Evolutionary priority effects, where early-arriving lineages occupy niche space via diversification and preclude dominance of later arrivals, have been observed in alpine and forest communities. However, the potential for evolutionary priority effects to persist in an era of rapid global change remains unclear. Here, we use a natural experiment of historical disturbance in New Zealand to test whether anthropogenic changes in available habitat and nonnative invasion eliminate the role of evolutionary priority effects in community assembly. We also test whether evolutionary priority effects diminish with decreasing resource availability. Older plant clades, as estimated by clade crown age, were relatively more abundant in both primary and secondary grassland. Relative abundance in primary grassland decreased with clade stem age, but only weakly. However, for both clade age estimates, relative abundance decreased with age when nonnative biomass was high and soil moisture was low. Our data show that patterns in community structure consistent with evolutionary priority effects can occur in both primary and secondary grasslands, the latter created by anthropogenic disturbance. However, nonnative invasion may overwhelm the effect of immigration timing on community dominance, possibly as a result of high immigration rates and preadaptation to anthropogenically modified environments.

On offshore islands, flowers are typically small, simple in colour and shape and more reliant on wind- or self-pollination than insect-mediated pollination. Islands also tend to have a species-poor pollinating fauna. The New Zealand Subantarctic islands (latitude between about 46° and 60°) have a depauperate pollinator fauna. However, many flowers in this region are large, brightly coloured and apparently completely reliant on insect visitors for pollination. In the absence of bees and butterflies, moths and flies may be particularly important pollinators in the region. Using six Heath moth traps simultaneously over four nights in three different habitat types, 241 moths were caught, representing six species. We found that moths carried pollen identified to four plant species (Bulbinella rossii, Dracophyllum longifolium, Gentianella concinna and Acaena minor), with B. rossii and D. longifolium pollen being most abundant on moth bodies. Weather conditions explained moth abundance and distribution, but neither weather nor the number of moths caught were reliable predictors of their potential as pollinators; moths carried on average more pollen grains from more plant species in the shrubland despite harsh weather conditions and few individuals caught. Local flowering abundances may help explain this trend, with the predominance of D. longifolium flowering in the shrubland and B. rossii in the exposed megaherb field. This study is the first to provide evidence that moths may be capable of acting as pollinators in Subantarctic New Zealand, and that their contribution should not continue to be overlooked.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), also known as autoimmune diabetes, is a chronic disease characterized by insulin deficiency due to pancreatic β-cell loss and leads to hyperglycaemia. Although the age of symptomatic onset is usually during childhood or adolescence, symptoms can sometimes develop much later. Although the aetiology of T1DM is not completely understood, the pathogenesis of the disease is thought to involve T cell-mediated destruction of β-cells. Islet-targeting autoantibodies that target insulin, 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase, insulinoma-associated protein 2 and zinc transporter 8 — all of which are proteins associated with secretory granules in β-cells — are biomarkers of T1DM-associated autoimmunity that are found months to years before symptom onset, and can be used to identify and study individuals who are at risk of developing T1DM. The type of autoantibody that appears first depends on the environmental trigger and on genetic factors. The pathogenesis of T1DM can be divided into three stages depending on the absence or presence of hyperglycaemia and hyperglycaemia-associated symptoms (such as polyuria and thirst). A cure is not available, and patients depend on lifelong insulin injections; novel approaches to insulin treatment, such as insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitoring and hybrid closed-loop systems, are in development. Although intensive glycaemic control has reduced the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications, the majority of patients with T1DM are still developing these complications. Major research efforts are needed to achieve early diagnosis, prevent β-cell loss and develop better treatment options to improve the quality of life and prognosis of those affected. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by insulin deficiency due to pancreatic β-cell loss and results in hyperglycaemia. This Primer by Lernmark and colleagues describes this chronic disorder, which requires lifelong insulin administration and affects >500,000 children worldwide.

© 2019 The Authors. Ecological Monographs published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Ecological Society of America This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

OBJECTIVE:--To investigate the association between dietary adherence and glycemic control among youth with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 119 youth aged 9-14 years (mean ± SD 12.1 ± 1.6 years) with diabetes duration >=1 year (5.4 ± 3.1 years). Dietary adherence was assessed using the Diabetes Self-Management Profile diet domain. Higher score defined greater dietary adherence. Glycemic control was determined by A1C. RESULTS:--Dietary adherence score was inversely correlated with A1C (r = -0.36, P < 0.0001). In a multivariate model (R² = 0.34, P < 0.0001), dietary adherence (P = 0.004), pump use (P = 0.03), and caregiver education (P = 0.01) were associated with A1C. A1C of youth in the lowest (9.0%) tertile of diet score was higher than A1C of youth in the middle (8.1%, P = 0.004) and upper (8.4%, P = 0.06) tertiles. Dietary adherence uniquely explained 8% of the variance in A1C in the model. CONCLUSIONS:--Greater dietary adherence was associated with lower A1C among youth with type 1 diabetes.

An understanding of this psychologically complex phase of exploration may help diabetes researchers and clinicians recognize the unique needs of this cohort of patients, thus allowing them to better match their approach with a young person's life circumstances and readiness to become an active participant in his/her own diabetes management.