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Imminent commons : the expanded city
As the second book of the Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism 2017, it presents contemporary urbanism thoughts on nine imminent commons, which engage collective ecological and technological resources relevant to all cities and even extra-urban territories. Recent years have seen greatly increased political opposition between urban and rural areas, bordering on crisis. In order to avoid further aggravating this urban/rural polarization, we need to cultivate a discourse on urbanism that focuses on the interdependencies between cities and the greater ecologies of resources, technologies, and natural processes in which they are situated. The way we think about cities needs to expand significantly to incorporate their effects on global natural cycles, how they metabolize resources from rural areas, and their impact on both local and regional economies. Exhibition: Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism, South Korea (02.09.-05.11.2017).
BOOK
Acute Myocardial Infarction
This review focuses on the initial presentation and in-hospital management of acute myocardial infarction, including selection of a management strategy and options for antithrombotic therapy.
Acute myocardial infarction with or without ST-segment elevation (STEMI or non-STEMI) is a common cardiac emergency, with the potential for substantial morbidity and mortality. The management of acute myocardial infarction has improved dramatically over the past three decades and continues to evolve. This review focuses on the initial presentation and in-hospital management of type 1 acute myocardial infarction.
Definition and Types
Acute myocardial infarction is an event of myocardial necrosis caused by an unstable ischemic syndrome.
1
In practice, the disorder is diagnosed and assessed on the basis of clinical evaluation, the electrocardiogram (ECG), biochemical testing, invasive and noninvasive imaging, and . . .
Journal Article
Terminator salvation : we fight back
\"The fourth installment of the Terminator series follows an adult John Connor (played by Christian Bale) as he attempts to organize a human resistance force which could prove to be mankind's last true hope in the war against the machines. Opening in the year 2018, Terminator Salvation finds John Connor's certainty about the future shaken by the sudden appearance of a mysterious stranger named Marcus Wright (Sam Worthington), whose last memory is of sitting on death row and awaiting execution. Unable to determine whether Marcus was sent from the future or rescued from the past, Connor begins to wonder whether there is still any hope left for the human race as the robots grow more powerful and aggressive than ever before. It appears that Skynet is preparing a devastating final attack designed to eliminate the human resistance once and for all, leaving Connor and Marcus with no choice but to strike back at the cybernetic heart of Skynet's operations. Once there, the two battle-scarred soldiers discover a devastating secret regarding the potential annihilation of all humankind. Anton Yelchin fills Michael Biehn's shoes as a young Kyle Reese in the first installment of a planned Terminator trilogy from director McG (Charlie's Angels)\"--Allmovie.com, viewed December 28, 2018.
DVD
Localization and Sampling Error Correction in Ensemble Kalman Filter Data Assimilation
Ensemble Kalman filters use the sample covariance of an observation and a model state variable to update a prior estimate of the state variable. The sample covariance can be suboptimal as a result of small ensemble size, model error, model nonlinearity, and other factors. The most common algorithms for dealing with these deficiencies are inflation and covariance localization. A statistical model of errors in ensemble Kalman filter sample covariances is described and leads to an algorithm that reduces ensemble filter root-mean-square error for some applications. This sampling error correction algorithm uses prior information about the distribution of the correlation between an observation and a state variable. Offline Monte Carlo simulation is used to build a lookup table that contains a correction factor between 0 and 1 depending on the ensemble size and the ensemble sample correlation. Correction factors are applied like a traditional localization for each pair of observations and state variables during an ensemble assimilation. The algorithm is applied to two low-order models and reduces the sensitivity of the ensemble assimilation error to the strength of traditional localization. When tested in perfect model experiments in a larger model, the dynamical core of a general circulation model, the sampling error correction algorithm produces analyses that are closer to the truth and also reduces sensitivity to traditional localization strength.
Journal Article
A Quantile-Conserving Ensemble Filter Framework. Part II: Regression of Observation Increments in a Probit and Probability Integral Transformed Space
Traditional ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation methods make implicit assumptions of Gaussianity and linearity that are strongly violated by many important Earth system applications. For instance, bounded quantities like the amount of a tracer and sea ice fractional coverage cannot be accurately represented by a Gaussian that is unbounded by definition. Nonlinear relations between observations and model state variables abound. Examples include the relation between a remotely sensed radiance and the column of atmospheric temperatures, or the relation between cloud amount and water vapor quantity. Part I of this paper described a very general data assimilation framework for computing observation increments for non-Gaussian prior distributions and likelihoods. These methods can respect bounds and other non-Gaussian aspects of observed variables. However, these benefits can be lost when observation increments are used to update state variables using the linear regression that is part of standard ensemble Kalman filter algorithms. Here, regression of observation increments is performed in a space where variables are transformed by the probit and probability integral transforms, a specific type of Gaussian anamorphosis. This method can enforce appropriate bounds for all quantities and deal much more effectively with nonlinear relations between observations and state variables. Important enhancements like localization and inflation can be performed in the transformed space. Results are provided for idealized bivariate distributions and for cycling assimilation in a low-order dynamical system. Implications for improved data assimilation across Earth system applications are discussed.
Journal Article
Ancient co-option of an amino acid ABC transporter locus in Pseudomonas syringae for host signal-dependent virulence gene regulation
Pathogenic bacteria frequently acquire virulence traits via horizontal gene transfer, yet additional evolutionary innovations may be necessary to integrate newly acquired genes into existing regulatory pathways. The plant bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae relies on a horizontally acquired type III secretion system (T3SS) to cause disease. T3SS-encoding genes are induced by plant-derived metabolites, yet how this regulation occurs, and how it evolved, is poorly understood. Here we report that the two-component system AauS-AauR and substrate-binding protein AatJ, proteins encoded by an acidic amino acid-transport (aat) and -utilization (aau) locus in P. syringae, directly regulate T3SS-encoding genes in response to host aspartate and glutamate signals. Mutants of P. syringae strain DC3000 lacking aauS, aauR or aatJ expressed lower levels of T3SS genes in response to aspartate and glutamate, and had decreased T3SS deployment and virulence during infection of Arabidopsis. We identified an AauR-binding motif (Rbm) upstream of genes encoding T3SS regulators HrpR and HrpS, and demonstrated that this Rbm is required for maximal T3SS deployment and virulence of DC3000. The Rbm upstream of hrpRS is conserved in all P. syringae strains with a canonical T3SS, suggesting AauR regulation of hrpRS is ancient. Consistent with a model of conserved function, an aauR deletion mutant of P. syringae strain B728a, a bean pathogen, had decreased T3SS expression and growth in host plants. Together, our data suggest that, upon acquisition of T3SS-encoding genes, a strain ancestral to P. syringae co-opted an existing AatJ-AauS-AauR pathway to regulate T3SS deployment in response to specific host metabolite signals.
Journal Article
An Evaluation of the Left-Brain vs. Right-Brain Hypothesis with Resting State Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Lateralized brain regions subserve functions such as language and visuospatial processing. It has been conjectured that individuals may be left-brain dominant or right-brain dominant based on personality and cognitive style, but neuroimaging data has not provided clear evidence whether such phenotypic differences in the strength of left-dominant or right-dominant networks exist. We evaluated whether strongly lateralized connections covaried within the same individuals. Data were analyzed from publicly available resting state scans for 1011 individuals between the ages of 7 and 29. For each subject, functional lateralization was measured for each pair of 7266 regions covering the gray matter at 5-mm resolution as a difference in correlation before and after inverting images across the midsagittal plane. The difference in gray matter density between homotopic coordinates was used as a regressor to reduce the effect of structural asymmetries on functional lateralization. Nine left- and 11 right-lateralized hubs were identified as peaks in the degree map from the graph of significantly lateralized connections. The left-lateralized hubs included regions from the default mode network (medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and temporoparietal junction) and language regions (e.g., Broca Area and Wernicke Area), whereas the right-lateralized hubs included regions from the attention control network (e.g., lateral intraparietal sulcus, anterior insula, area MT, and frontal eye fields). Left- and right-lateralized hubs formed two separable networks of mutually lateralized regions. Connections involving only left- or only right-lateralized hubs showed positive correlation across subjects, but only for connections sharing a node. Lateralization of brain connections appears to be a local rather than global property of brain networks, and our data are not consistent with a whole-brain phenotype of greater \"left-brained\" or greater \"right-brained\" network strength across individuals. Small increases in lateralization with age were seen, but no differences in gender were observed.
Journal Article
A Nonlinear Rank Regression Method for Ensemble Kalman Filter Data Assimilation
It is possible to describe many variants of ensemble Kalman filters without loss of generality as the impact of a single observation on a single state variable. For most ensemble algorithms commonly applied to Earth system models, the computation of increments for the observation variable ensemble can be treated as a separate step from computing increments for the state variable ensemble. The state variable increments are normally computed from the observation increments by linear regression using the prior bivariate ensemble of the state and observation variable. Here, a new method that replaces the standard regression with a regression using the bivariate rank statistics is described. This rank regression is expected to be most effective when the relation between a state variable and an observation is nonlinear. The performance of standard versus rank regression is compared for both linear and nonlinear forward operators (also known as observation operators) using a low-order model. Rank regression in combination with a rank histogram filter in observation space produces better analyses than standard regression for cases with nonlinear forward operators and relatively large analysis error. Standard regression, in combination with either a rank histogram filter or an ensemble Kalman filter in observation space, produces the best results in other situations.
Journal Article