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Brazil introduced 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) into its immunization program in 2010. We assessed antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) obtained from a national surveillance system for invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) before/after PCV10 introduction. Antimicrobial non-susceptible isolates were defined as intermediate or resistant. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to penicillin and ceftriaxone were analyzed by year. Antimicrobial susceptibility rates were assessed for each three-year-period using the pre-PCV10-period as reference. Susceptibility of vaccine-types was evaluated for 2017–2019. 11,380 isolates were studied. Spn with penicillin ≥ 0.125 mg/L and ceftriaxone ≥ 1.0 mg/L decreased in the three-years after PCV10 introduction (2011–2013: penicillin, 28.1–22.5%; ceftriaxone, 11.3%-7.6%) versus pre-PCV10-years (2007–2009: penicillin, 33.8–38.1%; ceftriaxone, 17.2%-15.6%). After 2013, the proportion of Spn with those MICs to penicillin and ceftriaxone increased to 39.4% and 19.7% in 2019, respectively. Non-susceptibility to penicillin and ceftriaxone increased in 2014–2016, and again in 2017–2019 especially among children < 5 years with meningitis (penicillin, 53.9%; ceftriaxone, 28.0%); multidrug-resistance reached 25% in 2017–2019. Serotypes 19A, 6C and 23A were most associated with antimicrobial non-susceptibility. Antimicrobial non-susceptible Spn decreased in the three-years after vaccination but subsequently increased and was associated with non-PCV10-types. Antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance is fundamental for guiding antibiotic therapy policies.

Here we report the discovery of Yaravirus, a lineage of amoebal virus with a puzzling origin and evolution. Yaravirus presents 80-nm-sized particles and a 44,924-bp dsDNA genome encoding for 74 predicted proteins. Yaravirus genome annotation showed that none of its genes matched with sequences of known organisms at the nucleotide level; at the amino acid level, six predicted proteins had distant matches in the nr database. Complimentary prediction of three-dimensional structures indicated possible function of 17 proteins in total. Furthermore, we were not able to retrieve viral genomes closely related to Yaravirus in 8,535 publicly available metagenomes spanning diverse habitats around the globe. The Yaravirus genome also contained six types of tRNAs that did not match commonly used codons. Proteomics revealed that Yaravirus particles contain 26 viral proteins, one of which potentially representing a divergent major capsid protein (MCP) with a predicted double jelly-roll domain. Structure-guided phylogeny of MCP suggests that Yaravirus groups together with the MCPs of Pleurochrysis endemic viruses. Yaravirus expands our knowledge of the diversity of DNA viruses. The phylogenetic distance between Yaravirus and all other viruses highlights our still preliminary assessment of the genomic diversity of eukaryotic viruses, reinforcing the need for the isolation of new viruses of protists.

•PCV10 reduced IPD caused by vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae.•PCV10 reduced IPD by vaccine serotypes in the non-targeted population.•IPD by serotypes 3, 6C, and 19A increased after the introduction of PCV10. In March 2010, the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was introduced into the routine immunization program in Brazil. We describe the pneumococcal serotypes that caused invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) before and after the introduction of PCV10 using data from a national laboratory-based surveillance system. We compared the prevalence of vaccine types (VT) and non-vaccine types (NVT) of Streptococcus pneumoniae in three periods, pre-PCV10 (January/2005-December/2009), early post-PCV10 (January/2010-December/2013), and late post-PCV10 (January/2014-December/2015), by episode in meningitis and non-meningitis cases and by age group. Changes in serotype prevalence in the early and late post-PCV10 periods were determined using pre-PCV10 period as a reference. A total of 8971 IPD isolates from patients aged 2 months to 99 years were analyzed. In the late post-PCV10 period, the VT-IPD reduction in the 2-month to 4-year age group was 83.4% for meningitis and 87.4% for non-meningitis cases; in the age groups 5–17 years, 18–64 years, and ≥65 years, VT declined by 56.1%, 54.1%, and 47.4%, respectively, in meningitis cases, and by 60.9%, 47.7%, and 53.4%, respectively, in non-meningitis cases. NVT-IPD increased throughout the study period, driven mainly by serotypes 3, 6C, and 19A, which remained the predominant types causing IPD in the late post-PCV10 period. We observed direct and indirect PCV10 protection against IPD caused by VT and a shift in the distribution of serotypes 5 years after the introduction of PCV10. Continued IPD surveillance is needed to evaluate the sustainability of the high prevalence of serotypes 3, 6C, and 19A, which were not included in PCV10.

Speciation rates are a key driver of diversity patterns and are often used to explain the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG). However, latitudinal variation in speciation rates at both assemblage and species levels remains poorly explored in freshwater fishes. This highlights a gap in understanding the mechanisms driving geographic biodiversity gradients in freshwater fishes. Here, we investigated the latitudinal speciation gradient in freshwater fishes, using a comprehensive database of freshwater fish distributions and phylogenetic relationships of Actinopterygian fishes at the global scale. We estimated speciation rates using three metrics (BAMM, DR, and ClaDS) and evaluated the latitudinal speciation gradient through spatial and phylogenetic regressions at assemblage and species levels. Finally, we analyzed those patterns based on the species assemblage’s phylogenetic diversity and structure. Our results show that areas and species with the highest speciation rates were in the tropics. However, the general assemblage pattern revealed a positive relationship between absolute latitude and speciation rates. This relationship is generally absent in tropical regions below 24.39° and became significant only at higher latitudes, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. We did not find a significant relationship at the species level, mainly due to the strong influence of hyper-diverse groups like Cichliformes. Species-level findings showed the contribution of particular lineages to the speciation gradient as a whole, while the assemblage-level results emphasize the high speciation rates across the Northern Hemisphere, especially North America, potentially resulting from environmental filtering and dispersal events consistent with glaciation dynamics in the Pleistocene.

The discovery of mimivirus in 2003 prompted the search for novel giant viruses worldwide. Despite increasing interest, the diversity and distribution of giant viruses is barely known. Here, we present data from a 2012–2022 study aimed at prospecting for amoebal viruses in water, soil, mud, and sewage samples across Brazilian biomes, using Acanthamoeba castellanii for isolation. A total of 881 aliquots from 187 samples covering terrestrial and marine Brazilian biomes were processed. Electron microscopy and PCR were used to identify the obtained isolates. Sixty-seven amoebal viruses were isolated, including mimiviruses, marseilleviruses, pandoraviruses, cedratviruses, and yaraviruses. Viruses were isolated from all tested sample types and almost all biomes. In comparison to other similar studies, our work isolated a substantial number of Marseillevirus and cedratvirus representatives. Taken together, our results used a combination of isolation techniques with microscopy, PCR, and sequencing and put highlight on richness of giant virus present in different terrestrial and marine Brazilian biomes.

Background Affective responses are increasingly recognized as potentially effective intervention targets that may facilitate exercise and physical activity behavior change. While emerging correlational evidence suggests that more pleasant affective responses are associated with higher participation and adherence, experimental evidence remains scarce. In light of this, we conducted a preregistered, pragmatic, single-blinded, superiority randomized controlled trial with two parallel groups, with the goal of determining the impact of an individualized exercise-intensity prescription targeting pleasure on exercise frequency. Methods Forty-seven non-regular exercisers were randomized into two groups. For both groups, the intervention consisted of three exercise sessions based on the Frequency-Intensity-Time-Type (FITT) principle. However, the experimental group also received an individualized intensity prescription based on prior assessment of preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity, as well as instructions emphasizing the promotion of pleasure as a basis for self-regulating exercise intensity. The primary outcome was gymnasium attendance over an eight-week follow-up period. Secondary outcomes were affective valence and arousal, post-exercise enjoyment, core affective exercise experiences, and anticipated and remembered affect. Results Forty-six participants were retained for analysis (M age  = 32.00; SD = 8.62 years; 56.5% female). Compared to the control group, the experimental group exhibited 77% higher session attendance (14.35 vs. 8.13 sessions) over the eight-week follow-up period (group main effect p  = 0.018, η 2 p  = 0.120; Cohen’s d ranged from 0.28 to 0.91 during follow-up). Also, the experimental group reported higher levels of pleasure during the intervention sessions (for all group main effects, p  < 0.001, η 2 p from 0.33 to 0.37) and higher levels of remembered pleasure (group main effect p  = 0.021, η 2 p  = 0.116) and anticipated pleasure (group main effect p  = 0.022, η 2 p  = 0.114). No harm was detected. Conclusions These results demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of an intervention aimed at enhancing affective responses to exercise in improving short-term session attendance. Trial registration ClinicalTrial.gov NCT05416593.

Orofacial pain, encompassing sensory and emotional discomfort in the facial and oral regions, is a multifaceted condition that significantly impacts patients’ quality of life. This review focuses on the role of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels in modulating orofacial pain and new ligands targeting this receptor. TRPV1 channels act as key mediators of nociception, responding to stimuli such as temperature, pH changes, and capsaicin molecules. Recent advancements in TRPV1-targeted therapeutics, including natural, synthetic, and protein-based molecules, offer promising strategies for pain management. This review analyzed studies related to TRPV1-mediated pain inhibition, including seven clinical trials and preclinical investigations. The compounds studied in these works demonstrated pain relief, although adverse effects were reported. TRPV1-targeted molecules represent a novel avenue for developing innovative pharmacological interventions, addressing the limitations of current therapies, and improving patient outcomes in managing orofacial pain.

In 2010, a ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was introduced in the routine infant national immunization program in Brazil. Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) caused by serotype 19A (Spn19A) increased after the introduction of PCVs in several countries. We compared the frequency, antimicrobial resistance and molecular patterns of invasive Spn19A strains before and after PCV10 introduction in Brazil using data from the national laboratory-based surveillance. We analyzed invasive Spn19A strains isolated from 2005-2009 (pre-PCV10 period), 2011-2015 and 2016-2017 (post-PCV10 periods). Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed for all Spn19A strains, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed for strains isolated in the age groups <5 years and ≥50 years. Among the study period, a total of 9,852 invasive Spn strains were analyzed, and 673 (6.8%) belonged to serotype 19A. Overall, the proportion of Spn19A among the total number of IPD strains increased from 2.8% in 2005-2009 to 7.0% and 16.4% in 2011-2015 and 2016-2017, respectively. The relative increase in Spn19A was observed especially in children <5 years old (2005-2009: 3.2%; 2011-2015: 15.5%; 2016-2017: 31.2%). The percentage of penicillin resistance (MIC 2.0-4.0 μg/mL), erythromycin resistance and multidrug resistance (MDR) increased after PCV10 introduction due to the expansion of the MDR clonal complex CC320 (2005-2009: 8.6%; 2011-2015: 56.1%; 2016-2017: 66.5%). We observed an expansion of MDR-CC320 among invasive Spn19A strains after PCV10 introduction in Brazil, probably related to a combination of factors, such as vaccination and antimicrobial pressure. Continued surveillance of Spn19A strains is necessary to monitor the sustainability of this clonal complex in the Brazilian population.

Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B remains a prominent cause of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Brazil. Because two novel protein-based vaccines against serogroup B are available, the main purpose of this study was to provide data on the diversity and distribution of meningococcal vaccine antigen types circulating in Brazil. Genetic lineages, vaccine antigen types, and allele types of antimicrobial-associated resistance genes based on whole-genome sequencing of a collection of 145 Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B invasive strains recovered in Brazil from 2016 to 2018 were collected. A total of 11 clonal complexes (ccs) were identified among the 145 isolates, four of which were predominant, namely, cc461, cc35, cc32, and cc213, accounting for 72.0% of isolates. The most prevalent fHbp peptides were 24 (subfamily A/variant 2), 47 (subfamily A/variant 3), 1 (subfamily B/variant 1) and 45 (subfamily A/variant 3), which were predominantly associated with cc35, cc461, cc32, and cc213, respectively. The NadA peptide was detected in only 26.2% of the isolates. The most frequent NadA peptide 1 was found almost exclusively in cc32. We found seven NHBA peptides that accounted for 74.5% of isolates, and the newly described peptide 1390 was the most prevalent peptide exclusively associated with cc461. Mutated penA alleles were detected in 56.5% of the isolates, whereas no rpoB and gyrA mutant alleles were found. During the study period, changes in the clonal structure of circulating strains were observed, without a predominance of a single hyperinvasive lineage, indicating that an epidemiologic shift has occurred that led to a diversity of vaccine antigen types in recent years in Brazil.

To satisfy the market, competition in the industrial sector aims for productivity and safety in industrial plant control systems. The appearance of a fault can compromise the system’s proper functioning process. Therefore, Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) methods contribute to avoiding any undesired events, as there are techniques and methods that study the detection, isolation, identification and, consequently, fault diagnosis. In this work, a new methodology that uses faults emulation to obtain parameters similar to the Development and Application of Methods for Diagnosis of Actuators in Industrial Control Systems (DAMADICS) benchmark model will be developed. This methodology uses previous information from tests on sensors with and without faults to detect and classify the situation of the plant and, in the presence of faults, perform the diagnosis through a process of elimination in a hierarchical manner. In this way, the definition of residue signature is used as well as the creation of a decision tree. The whole process is carried out incorporating FDD techniques, through the Non-Linear Auto-Regressive Neural Network Model With Exogenous Inputs (NARX), in the diagnosis of the behavioral prediction of the signals to generate the residual values. Then, it is applied to the construction of the decision tree based on the most significant residue of a certain signal, enabling the process of acquisition and formation of the signature matrix. With the procedures in this article, it is possible to demonstrate a practical and systematic method of how to emulate faults for control valves and the possibility of carrying out an analysis of the data to acquire signatures of the fault behavior. Finally, simulations resulting from the most sensitized variables for the production of residuals that is generated by neural networks are presented, which are used to obtain signatures and isolate the flaws. The process proves to be efficient in computational time and makes it easy to present a fault diagnosis strategy that can be reproduced in other processes.