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In 1858 the Quebec Harbour Commissioners began improving the harbour at Quebec City. Transatlantic traffic through Montreal harbour was growing rapidly and by the 1870s far exceeded that of Quebec. Between 1874 and 1890 the Commissioners constructed a vast wet dock, the only use of this design in North America, to ensure that Quebec maintained a significant share of Canadian overseas trade. The Princess Louise Dock had absolutely no effect on reversing the decline of port traffic. In 1903 the Commissioners commenced a second phase of port expansion relying on more conventional engineering practice. Instead of designing for a broad range of export cargoes, as had been the case of the first expansion, the port was to serve two specific sectors, western grain exports and transatlantic passengers. Quebec achieved some success as a passenger port but remained a negligible grain port. The Port of Quebec, along with the rest of Canada’s major ports, was nationalization in 1936. Further expansion of infrastructure did not occur until alter the Second World War. This dissertation examines the interrelationship Between harbour engineering and traffic characteristics and how design decisions were made in planning new facilities. In particular, an analysis of the novelty of the wet dock design provides an opportunity to re-examine the history of the harbour development in late 19th century Quebec. The Second phase of expansion in the 20th century provides a contrast to the earlier design philosophy. The analytical framework developed for this thesis provides a method for studying the neglected field of historical port development in Canada. Keywords. Quebec Harbour Commissioners, Quebec City Harbour, Quebec City Port, Louise Basin, Wet Dock, Harbour Design, St. Lawrence River, Dock Design

The purpose of this thesis is to explore how adult educators can mobilize citizens across Canada to participate in a national campaign to change the direction of current federal government social policies and halt the erosion of federal government social safety net programs. This thesis also explores the extent to which adult education possesses an appropriate philosophical framework, together with historical experiences, practices and methodologies from which to draw and then adapt, in order to meet contemporary needs. The ideas of Moses Coady and Ned Corbett are presented, as well as the methodology of progressive school philosopher Eduard Lindeman as foundations upon which to proceed with a federally-focused campaign. Certain past adult education campaigns, movements and initiatives are explored to learn which methodologies and practices could be adapted to a current context. Many groups such as the Council of Canadians (COC), the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC), the New Democratic Party (NDP), the Ecumenical Council on Social Justice, community-based organizations and associations as well as “think tanks” such as the Caledon Institute of Social Policy contend that social safety net programs, essentially put in place by the federal government following the Second World War, have been dismantled, clawed back, eliminated or downsized over the past several years, fuelled in part by an ideological shift from a Keynesian to a Monetarist approach to economic policy which has had major ramifications for social policy development and delivery. This has had serious consequences for many Canadians who rely on federal government social and health care programs in times of need. In order to provide a contextual background for developing this campaign, thesis chapters also address issues such as what social policy initiatives have historically been built up in Canada, essentially post-Second World War, and what trends are currently occurring that necessitate adult education's potential involvement in such a nationally-oriented campaign. This thesis then identifies key questions and areas that need to be addressed in contemplating and preparing for a national campaign based on adult education philosophies, practices and methodologies, and proposes a prototype framework for the development and operationalization of such a campaign.

There’s the garden name, several local ones, and the long latinate moniker.

The thing is this: For as long as I can remember, the eighth letter of the alphabet has been spelled and pronounced “aitch.” But now it is frequently being pronounced “haitch.”

How have I learned Scottish phrases? Let’s say I soak up knowledge.