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Suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing by a plant viral protein localized in the nucleus
Post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is a homology‐dependent RNA degradation process that may target RNA exclusively in the cytoplasm. In plants, PTGS functions as a natural defense mechanism against viruses. We reported previously that the 2b protein encoded by cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) is a virulence determinant and a suppressor of PTGS initiation in transgenic
Nicotiana benthamiana
. By fusion with the green fluorescent protein, we now show that the CMV 2b protein localizes to the nuclei of tobacco suspension cells and whole plants via an arginine‐rich nuclear localization signal,
22
KRRRRR
27
. We further demonstrate that the nuclear targeting of the 2b protein is required for the efficient suppression of PTGS, indicating that PTGS may be blocked in the nucleus. In addition, our data indicate that the PTGS suppressor activity is important, but not sufficient, for virulence determination by the 2b protein.
Journal Article
Phakama : making participatory performance
\"Phakama is an international arts organisation working with music, dance, drama and art to create adventurous, site-responsive performances with groups of young people from diverse backgrounds. Established in South Africa in 1996, its programme of intense cultural training and cultural exchange has left a legacy of networks and opportunities in its wake, impacting countless individuals and groups across the globe. This book offers readers unprecedented access to Phakama's innovative methodology and makes its practice accessible to a wide range of audiences. Each chapter contextualises and critiques their approach within political and critical concerns about contemporary theatre and performance, including approaches to devising theatre; applied and social theatre; intercultural performance practices; pedagogic models which respond to the needs of young people in different cultural contexts; cultural leadership; and innovative models of collaboration within and beyond the cultural industries. Ideal for researchers and students of theatre and performance practice, the book is framed by a series of case studies, interviews and contextualising articles. At the heart of the book is a selection of carefully explained and beautifully illustrated exercises which will enable Phakama's methodology to be used by organisations and practitioners working with young people internationally\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Crime fiction in the city
A collection of academic essays by literary critics and writers of crime fiction - including a reflective essay by Ian Rankin on his own work - that explores the relationship between crime fiction and the urban spaces of the capital city.
eBook
Transcripts of Vp-1 Homeologues are Misspliced in Modern Wheat and Ancestral Species
The maize (Zea mays) Viviparous 1 (Vp1) transcription factor has been shown previously to be a major regulator of seed development, simultaneously activating embryo maturation and repressing germination. Hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) caryopses are characterized by relatively weak embryo dormancy and are susceptible to preharvest sprouting (PHS), a phenomenon that is phenotypically similar to the maize vp1 mutation. Analysis of Vp-1 transcript structure in wheat embryos during grain development showed that each homeologue produces cytoplasmic mRNAs of different sizes. The majority of transcripts are spliced incorrectly, contain insertions of intron sequences or deletions of coding region, and do not have the capacity to encode full-length proteins. Several VP-1-related lower molecular weight protein species were present in wheat embryo nuclei. Embryos of a closely related tetraploid species (Triticum turgidum) and ancestral diploids also contained misspliced Vp-1 transcripts that were structurally similar or identical to those found in modern hexaploid wheat, which suggests that compromised structure and expression of Vp-1 transcripts in modern wheat are inherited from ancestral species. Developing embryos from transgenic wheat grains expressing the Avena fatua Vp1 gene showed enhanced responsiveness to applied abscisic acid compared with the control. In addition, ripening ears of transgenic plants were less susceptible to PHS. Our results suggest that missplicing of wheat Vp-1 genes contributes to susceptibility to PHS in modern hexaploid wheat varieties and identifies a possible route to increase resistance to this environmentally triggered disorder.
Journal Article
\Away with dark shadders!\ Juvenile Detection Versus Juvenile Crime in The Boy Detective; or, The Crimes of London. A Romance of Modern Times
According to James Greenwood, young offenders themselves began to recognize and take advantage of this assumed link between penny fiction and juvenile crime, pandering to the prejudices of law enforcement figures by using this apparently pernicious literature as an excuse for their own criminal behavior (112-13; see figure 1). In his detective role, Ernest can be seen as a regulator of childhood and a suppressor of juvenile crime, conditioning both his fictional child acquaintances and the real-life child readers of the text to emulate his lawful, middle-class behavior while ensuring that they remain firmly in their subservient position within the working class. [...]it seems, the primary aim of The Boy Detective, through the creation of its boy detective hero, is to contain the potential threat of the criminal child of the working class as perceived by adult moralists of the middle class. [...]steeling his conscience-for it is painful, even in a good cause, to use deceit and subtlety, and in his own character our hero was incapable of this double dealing, but he had a passion for the detection of crime, he was as remorseless in hunting a thief as the sportsman in chasing a wolf, and he stuck at nothing to bring offenders to jus tice-he opened the desk very silfully. [sic] (56) Ernest's role as detective is used here to excuse his criminal behavior, as it is throughout the narrative. [...]although the inevitable crime content of the juvenile detective narrative partially explains the initial absence of the young detective protagonist from the ostensibly moralistic story papers that arose in the late 1860s to replace the penny dreadful, a stronger motive for the suppression of such a character in children's literature can be identified in the authority and agency implicit in the juvenile detective's role.
Journal Article
The British boy detective: Origins, forms, functions, 1865-1940
This thesis explores the early development of the British boy detective in ‘penny dreadfuls’ and story papers from 1865-1940 and considers how the construction of this figure addresses contemporary social anxieties surrounding boyhood and performs an ideological function for boy readers. Chapter 1 focuses on how the representation of the boy detective in the ‘penny-dreadful’ The Boy Detective (1865-6) responds to anxieties about juvenile delinquency, particularly the perceived corrupting influence of ‘penny dreadfuls’ upon boy readers. Chapter 2 examines the first appearances of the adult professional detective’s boy assistant in the Harmsworths’ boys’ story papers of the 1890s and early twentieth century. Here, the representation of the detective’s assistant is linked to the emergence of anxieties surrounding adolescence. Chapter 3 explores the centralisation of the professional boy detective, as either assistant or independent investigator, in story-paper narratives in the first decade of the twentieth century. These texts are considered in relation to anxieties about the impending threat of war and boys’ future role in the defence of a declining British Empire. Chapter 4 explores the increasing restrictions placed upon the professional boy detective in the post-1910 story-paper narratives in which he is largely confined to the assistant role. I make connections between this subsidiary position and the supporting defence roles to which real-life boys were confined in preparation for and during the First World War. Chapter 5 focuses upon the fictional boy detective’s relocation from a professional, adult arena to an amateur, child-centric environment in schoolboy detective narratives. This transition is considered in relation to childhood’s increasing distinction from adulthood in the early twentieth century. Overall, the thesis considers the boy detective as a dual figure, acting simultaneously as a threat in need of containment and a boyhood role model and thus utilised as both an expression of and antidote to the contemporary adult anxieties about boyhood.
Dissertation
Introduction
The growth of the metropolis in the early nineteenth century has been the subject of much commentary by contemporaneous thinkers. Charles Baudelaire and, later, Georg Simmel, both noted the alienation felt by city-dwellers, fuelled in part by the anonymity of the urban space. In his seminal essay, ‘The metropolis and mental life’, Simmel also expanded on the individual’s freedom to develop outside a closed rural community or small town. As many were drawn to the city in search of work, so they left the watchful eye of a familiar and secure community.¹ No wonder, then, that the city became such
Book Chapter
Conclusion
Rural crime fiction – especially the country house mystery – traditionally ends with a sense of resolution and, hence, reassurance as the sole corrupting influence – usually the murderer – is exposed and contained. The urban setting, in contrast, affords prospects for a more realistic and complex engagement with criminality and other societal problems. Unlike its rural equivalent, in urban crime fiction, although the individual crime can be solved and the villain captured, crime itself cannot be contained. The war to police the capital city is never won because as soon as the criminal is dispatched another arises to take
Book Chapter