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Objectives: An apparent increase in seriously disturbed students consulting student health services in the UK has led to concern that increasing financial difficulties and other outside pressures may affect student mental health and academic performance. The current research investigated whether student anxiety and depression increases after college entry, the extent to which adverse life experiences contribute to any increases, and the impact of adversity, anxiety and depression on exam performance. Method: 351 UK‐domiciled undergraduates completed questionnaires one month before university entry and mid‐course. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS: Zigmond & Snaith, 1983) was administered at both time points and a modified List of Threatening Experiences (Brugha, Bebbington, Tennant, & Hurry, 1985) was administered mid‐course. Results: By mid‐course 9% of previously symptom‐free students became depressed and 20% became anxious at a clinically significant level. Of those previously anxious or depressed 36% had recovered. After adjusting for pre‐entry symptoms, financial difficulties made a significant independent contribution to depression and relationship difficulties independently predicted anxiety. Depression and financial difficulties mid‐course predicted a decrease in exam performance from first to second year. Conclusions: This is the first study to confirm empirically that financial and other difficulties can increase British students' levels of anxiety and depression and that financial difficulties and depression can affect academic performance. However, university life may also have a beneficial effect for some students with pre‐existing conditions. With widening participation in higher education, the results have important implications for educational and health policies.

Brief screening instruments appear to be a viable way of detecting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but none has yet been adequately validated. To test and cross-validate a brief instrument that is simple to administer and score. Forty-one survivors of a rail crash were administered a questionnaire, followed by a structured clinical interview 1 week later. Excellent prediction of a PTSD diagnosis was provided by respondents endorsing at least six re-experiencing or arousal symptoms, in any combination. The findings were replicated on data from a previous study of 157 crime victims. Performance of the new measure was equivalent to agreement achieved between two full clinical interviews.

In the last 20 years, the consensus about memory being essentially reliable has been neglected in favor of an emphasis on the malleability and unreliability of memory and on the public’s supposed unawareness of this. Three claims in particular have underpinned this popular perspective: that the confidence people have in their memory is weakly related to its accuracy, that false memories of fictitious childhood events can be easily implanted, and that the public wrongly sees memory as being like a video camera. New research has clarified that all three claims rest on shaky foundations, suggesting there is no reason to abandon the old consensus about memory being malleable but essentially reliable.

Objective. This study aimed to explore the relationship between shame‐proneness, depression, and non‐disclosure in therapy in 85 men and women who had received treatment for depression. Method. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire, which assessed depressive symptoms, shame‐proneness, non‐disclosure in therapy, and reasons for non‐disclosure. Results. In total, 54% of the respondents reported concealing depression‐related symptoms and behaviours or other distressing experiences from their therapist. Shame was the most frequently reported reason for non‐disclosure overall, but was a more frequent reason for non‐disclosure of symptoms than experiences. Similarly, shame‐proneness was significantly related to non‐disclosure of symptoms but not to non‐disclosure of experiences. For participants no longer in therapy, non‐disclosure of symptoms made a significant independent contribution to current level of depressive symptoms after controlling for demographic variables, worst depression, and shame‐proneness. Conclusions. The hypothetical model put forward in this study predicting a significant relationship between shame, non‐disclosure in therapy, and current depressive symptomatology was supported. The findings suggest that encouraging and facilitating the disclosure of shameful symptoms and related behaviours has positive implications for the effectiveness of treatment.

Shame is a painful emotion that emerges when one's self-image is threatened by feelings of being bad, worthless, weak, exposed, isolated, and unlovable. The present study aims to validate the international French adaptation of the Experience of Shame Scale (ESS), a self-report questionnaire assessing characterological, behavioral, and bodily shame by identifying eight areas of occurrence. A total of 314 French-Canadian adult participants completed online self-report questionnaires assessing psychological constructs relevant to shame assessment along with the ESS. The validation process explored: (a) internal consistency; (b) gender differences; (c) temporal reliability; (d) factor structure using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling; (e) concurrent validity using the Test of Self-Conscious Affect 3; and (f) convergent-discriminant validity with self-report measures of pathological narcissism, borderline traits, depression, self-esteem, and guilt. Results show that the internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the whole questionnaire and its subscales were good to excellent. Factor structure did not replicate the original three-factor structure of the instrument, as the best fit indices were obtained for the eight-factor solution in which each factor corresponds to an area of occurrence of shame reported in the original version of the instrument. Expected correlations with external indices of convergent-discriminant validity were found. Overall, results from the current study support the validity and reliability of the international French adaptation of the ESS in a French-Canadian sample. They also contribute to the ongoing debates regarding the nature and associations of shame with related constructs. La honte est un sentiment douloureux qui se manifeste quand l'image de soi est menacée par une faible estime de soi, par l'impression d'être inutile, faible, isolé, peu attachant et d'avoir été exposé. La présente étude vise à valider l'adaptation en français international du questionnaire autorapporté Experience of Shame Scale (ESS), qui évalue la honte ressentie relativement au caractère, au comportement ou au corps, au moyen de huit domaines où elle se manifeste. Au total, 314 adultes canadiens-français ont rempli, outre l'ESS, des questionnaires autorapportés en ligne évaluant des construits psychologiques qui sont pertinents pour l'évaluation de la honte. Le processus de validation a examiné les éléments suivants : 1) la consistance interne; b) les différences selon le genre; c) la fiabilité temporelle; d) la structure factorielle, au moyen de l'analyse factorielle confirmatoire et de la modélisation exploratoire par équations structurelles; e) la validité concurrente, au moyen du Test of Self-Conscious Affect 3; f) la validité convergente et discriminante au moyen de mesures autorapportées de narcissisme pathologique, de caractéristiques du trouble limite de la personnalité, de dépression, d'estime de soi et de culpabilité. Les résultats ont révélé que la consistance interne et la fiabilité test-retest pour l'ensemble du questionnaire et de ses sous-échelles étaient bonnes à excellentes. La structure factorielle ne répliquait pas la structure à trois facteurs de l'échelle originale; on a obtenu le meilleur indice d'ajustement pour la solution à huit facteurs, dans laquelle chacun d'eux correspond à un domaine de manifestation de la honte rapporté dans la version originale de l'outil. On a obtenu les corrélations attendues avec des indices externes de la validité convergente et discriminante. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats de l'étude appuient la validité et la fiabilité de la version adaptée en français international de l'ESS au sein d'un échantillon canadien-français. En outre, ils contribuent aux discussions actuelles sur la nature et les associations de la honte avec des construits connexes. Public Significance Statement Shame is a construct that is relevant to research, clinical psychology, and psychotherapy. Consequently, it is of high importance to have access to well-validated instruments to assess shame in various contexts, including psychotherapy. This study provides a validated French version of the Experience of Shame Scale for researchers and clinicians.

Military service can lead to profound changes in identity, both in servicemen's perception of themselves and in their relationship to the world, but the significance of these changes for psychopathology is unclear. We investigated whether the extent and valence of identity change was related to the degree of military trauma exposure or to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and suicide attempts. We further sought to describe the nature of such changes using qualitative analysis. A total of 153 veterans in receipt of a war pension for PTSD or physical disability were identified. Interviews established retrospectively DSM-IV diagnoses of PTSD and reports of suicidal ideation or behaviour since enlistment were examined. Trauma exposure alone was unrelated to any measure of identity change. By contrast, PTSD was associated with a relationship to the world that had changed in a negative direction. It was also associated with a changed perception of self, which could be either positive or negative. After controlling for trauma exposure and PTSD, suicidal behaviours were associated with more negative perceptions of the world. These perceptions of the world included disillusionment about human nature and a more specific rejection of civilian life. PTSD and suicidal behaviours in veterans seem not to be associated with significantly more negative views of the self but rather with more alienation from civilian life. This has serious consequences for engaging veterans in National Health Service (NHS) mental health services and for the provision of effective treatment.

Brief screening instruments appear to be a viable way of detecting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but none has yet been adequately validated.BACKGROUNDBrief screening instruments appear to be a viable way of detecting post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but none has yet been adequately validated.To test and cross-validate a brief instrument that is simple to administer and score.AIMSTo test and cross-validate a brief instrument that is simple to administer and score.Forty-one survivors of a rail crash were administered a questionnaire, followed by a structured clinical interview 1 week later.METHODForty-one survivors of a rail crash were administered a questionnaire, followed by a structured clinical interview 1 week later.Excellent prediction of a PTSD diagnosis was provided by respondents endorsing at least six re-experiencing or arousal symptoms, in any combination. The findings were replicated on data from a previous study of 157 crime victims.RESULTSExcellent prediction of a PTSD diagnosis was provided by respondents endorsing at least six re-experiencing or arousal symptoms, in any combination. The findings were replicated on data from a previous study of 157 crime victims.Performance of the new measure was equivalent to agreement achieved between two full clinical interviews.CONCLUSIONSPerformance of the new measure was equivalent to agreement achieved between two full clinical interviews.