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The increasing geographical spread and disease incidence of arboviral infections are among the greatest public health concerns in the Americas. The region has observed an increasing trend in dengue incidence in the last decades, evolving from low to hyperendemicity. Yellow fever incidence has also intensified in this period, expanding from sylvatic-restricted activity to urban outbreaks. Chikungunya started spreading pandemically in 2005 at an unprecedented pace, reaching the Americas in 2013. The following year, Zika also emerged in the region with an explosive outbreak, carrying devastating congenital abnormalities and neurologic disorders and becoming one of the greatest global health crises in years. The inadequate arbovirus surveillance in the region and the lack of serologic tests to differentiate among viruses poses substantial challenges. The evidence for vector control interventions remains weak. Clinical management remains the mainstay of arboviral disease control. Currently, only yellow fever and dengue vaccines are licensed in the Americas, with several candidate vaccines in clinical trials. The Global Arbovirus Group of Experts provides in this article an overview of progress, challenges, and recommendations on arboviral prevention and control for countries of the Americas.

•GVAP provided a comprehensive and coherent global framework for immunization.•Much progress was achieved under GVAP, although most GVAP goals will not be met.•GVAP was perceived as top-down, with too little consideration of country context.•GVAP was only partially implemented, and it had limited levers to influence country actions.•Many targets were seen as unrealistic, particularly in the absence of additional funding.•Lessons learned from GVAP can inform the Immunization Agenda 2030. The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011–2020 (GVAP) was developed to realize the ambitions of the Decade of Vaccines – that all individuals and communities enjoy lives free from vaccine-preventable diseases. It included a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation/accountability framework to assess progress towards global targets with recommendations for corrective actions. While many of the GVAP targets are very unlikely to be met by the end of 2020, substantial progress has nevertheless been made, establishing a strong foundation for a successor global immunization strategy, the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030). The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on immunization has made a series of recommendations to ensure that the lessons learned from GVAP inform the development and implementation of IA2030.

Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral, the first Latin American author to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature (1945), understood the ethical imperative of prioritising the wellbeing, health, and development of children. To accelerate progress, decades of experience strongly support the removal of policy barriers to rubella vaccine introduction in the remaining countries that have not yet introduced it. 8 Using a wide age range, immunisation campaigns with combined measles–rubella vaccines will not only eliminate congenital rubella, but also provide a broad buffer of measles immunity in the age groups (eg, individuals aged between 9 months and 14 years) that contributes most to its spread. Additionally, these countries should be the first to benefit from innovative technologies that facilitate coverage in hard-to-reach communities, including microarray patches and rapid testing techniques. 9 The enormous return on health investment is highly compelling for every country to invest in optimising childhood immunisation services. 10 As measles does not respect national borders and outbreak responses are extraordinarily costly, hich-income countries should continue to provide technical and financial support, even if solely based on self-interest.

No vaccine has been more effective in reducing disease burden, especially in preventing child deaths, than measles-containing vaccine. The return on investment makes measles-containing vaccine one of the most cost-effective public health measures available. Exhaustive reviews of biological, technical, economic and programmatic evidence have concluded that measles can and should be eradicated, and by including rubella antigen in measles-containing vaccine, congenital rubella syndrome will also be eradicated. All World Health Organisation Regions have pledged to achieve measles elimination. Unfortunately, not all countries and global partners have demonstrated an appropriate commitment to these laudable public health goals, and the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on coverage rates has been profound. Unsurprisingly, large disruptive outbreaks are already occurring in many countries with a global epidemic curve ominously similar to that of 2018/2019 emerging. The Immunization Agenda 2030 will fail dismally unless measles and rubella eradication efforts are accelerated. Over half of all member states have been verified to have eliminated rubella and endemic rubella transmission has not been re-established in any country to date. In 2023, 84 countries and areas were verified to have sustained elimination of measles. However, without a global target, this success will be difficult to sustain. Now is the time for a global eradication goal and commitment by the World Health Assembly. Having a galvanising goal, with a shared call for action, will demand adequate resourcing from every country government and global partners. Greater coordination across countries and regions will be necessary. Measles, rubella and congenital rubella syndrome eradication should not remain just a technically feasible possibility but rather be completed to ensure that future generations of children do not live under the shadow of preventable childhood death and lifelong disability.

I am delighted and honored to be Guest Editor of this Vaccines Special Issue on measles and rubella elimination [...].I am delighted and honored to be Guest Editor of this Vaccines Special Issue on measles and rubella elimination [...].

There are compelling epidemiological, economic, and ethical arguments for setting a global measles eradication goal. The 6 chairpersons of Regional Verification Commissions for Measles and Rubella elimination advocate that the time for courageously accelerating efforts to ensure a world where no child dies of measles, is NOW!

•This study aims at assessing the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in children in Peru.•Time series analyses were conducted using outcome-specific regression models.•We considered various available secondary data sources for visits, hospitalization and deaths.•A significant vaccine impact was observed in morbidity and mortality in children aged <1year. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis in children worldwide. Despite available evidence on pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) impact on pneumonia hospitalizations in children, studies demonstrating PCV impact in morbidity and mortality in middle-income countries are still scarce. Given the disease burden, PCV7 was introduced in Peru in 2009, and then switched to PCV10 in late 2011. National public healthcare system provides care for 60% of the population, and national hospitalization, outpatient and mortality data are available. We thus aimed to assess the effects of routine PCV vaccination on pneumonia hospitalization and mortality, and acute otitis media (AOM) and all cause pneumonia outpatient visits in children under one year of age in Peru. We conducted a segmented time-series analysis using outcome-specific regression models. Study period was from January 2006 to December 2012. Data sources included the National information systems for hospitalization, mortality, outpatient visits, and RENACE, the national database of aggregated weekly notifications of pneumonia and other acute respiratory diseases (both hospitalized and non-hospitalized). Study outcomes included community acquired pneumonia outpatient visits, hospitalizations and deaths (ICD10 codes J12-J18); and AOM outpatient visits (H65-H67). Monthly age- and sex-specific admission, outpatient visit, and mortality rates per 100,000 children aged <1year, as well as weekly rates for pneumonia and AOM recorded in RENACE were estimated. After PCV introduction, we observed significant vaccine impact in morbidity and mortality in children aged <1year. Vaccine effectiveness was 26.2% (95% CI 16.9–34.4) for AOM visits, 35% (95% CI 8.6–53.8) for mortality due to pneumonia, and 20.6% (95% CI 10.6–29.5) for weekly cases of pneumonia hospitalization and outpatient visits notified to RENACE. We used secondary data sources which are usually developed for other non-epidemiologic purposes. Despite some data limitations, our results clearly demonstrate the overall benefit of PCV vaccination in Peru.

Introduction to Global Health Promotion addresses a breadth and depth of public health topics that students and emerging professionals in the field must understand as the world's burden of disease changes with non-communicable diseases on the rise in low- and middle-income countries as their middle class populations grow. Now more than ever, we need to provide health advocacy and intervention to prevent, predict, and address emerging global health issues. This new text from the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) prepares readers with thorough and thoughtful chapters on global health promotion theories, best practices, and perspectives on the future of the field, from the individual to the global level. The world's biggest health care challenges—including HIV, malaria, heart disease, smoking, and violence, among others—are explored in detail in Introduction to Global Health Promotion. The state of the science, including the latest empirical data, is distilled into 19 chapters that update readers on the complex issues surrounding a variety of illnesses and conditions, and disease epidemics and individual, social, institutional, and governmental barriers to preventing them. Expert authors bring to the fore human rights issues, new uses of technology, and practical application of theory. These perspectives, along with the book's multidisciplinary approach, serve to create a well-rounded understanding of global health today. Learn more from the Editors of Introduction to Global Health Promotion here. [https://youtu.be/nIH3_GQvVn8]