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The nomenclature used to describe animals working in roles supporting people can be confusing. The same term may be used to describe different roles, or two terms may mean the same thing. This confusion is evident among researchers, practitioners, and end users. Because certain animal roles are provided with legal protections and/or government-funding support in some jurisdictions, it is necessary to clearly define the existing terms to avoid confusion. The aim of this paper is to provide operationalized definitions for nine terms, which would be useful in many world regions: “assistance animal”, “companion animal”, “educational/school support animal”, “emotional support animal”, “facility animal”, “service animal”, “skilled companion animal”, “therapy animal”, and “visiting/visitation animal”. At the International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ) conferences in 2018 and 2020, over 100 delegates participated in workshops to define these terms, many of whom co-authored this paper. Through an iterative process, we have defined the nine terms and explained how they differ from each other. We recommend phasing out two terms (i.e., “skilled companion animal” and “service animal”) due to overlap with other terms that could potentially exacerbate confusion. The implications for several regions of the world are discussed.

Discusses ways in which gender may influence the supervisory act. The article examines communication and feedback patterns, the influence of sexuality on working relationships and gender differences in expectations, noting their effects on supervision. It is important to address issues of gender with school administrators to effect change. (SM)

Sir: People in Sierra Leone have a reputation for hospitality and friendship. But they have a word to describe white people, which they are too polite to utter to one directly. Between themselves they say white people are krabit. Near our village German expatriates were building a highway, but with the wet season road-building became impossible. Before they left, the Germans gave us an oven-ready chicken. We roasted it in secret, hoping the smells wouldn't arouse our neighbours' curiosity. After licking our fingers, we slept the untroubled sleep of the instinctively krabit.

THE impact of gender on successful supervision seems a particularly salient issue given the sex structuring of schools, which results in an organization in which males most often supervise females. Based on the experience of the three of us as administrators as well as our collective and individual research, along with other studies, we believe that gender affects both supervisory style and outcome.

Healthcare supply chain management needs leadership and an organizational, strategic focus on accumulating sourcing and contracting capabilities for clinical preference items. An awareness of the problems and best practices in the supply chain is only an initial step toward future success. Healthcare is moving toward one key principle: clinical outcomes. As we embark on a new era of outcome-based reimbursement, our nation's health system is again at risk of constructing another incongruent strategy triangle if it neglects to give proper strategic emphasis and resources to supply chain management. A cross-disciplinary, inter-organizational leadership is needed in supply chain management to interface clinicians, suppliers, supply chain peers, and group purchasing organizations in a clinical value chain, outcome-based strategy. The abilities to collaborate and access, assimilate, and interpret information from each of these sources will be central to healthcare cost containment and success for all stakeholders.