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Background How people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) engage with supportive social networks to enhance self‐care is not understood. The personal rationales for participation in socially directed support have not been addressed in the literature. To determine how people with COPD identify, engage and participate in socially supportive self‐care practices, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐ethnography of qualitative studies. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted between June 2010 and June 2021. Of 3536 articles, 8 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Using a meta‐ethnography approach to the qualitative synthesis, new concepts were derived from the data to identify aligning themes and develop a conceptual model. Findings Interpretations from the papers yielded concepts of (1) accountability and personal responsibility in self‐care, (2) valued positive relationships with clinicians, (3) understanding of illness through shared and personal experiences and (4) acknowledging social networks in fostering self‐care engagement in people with COPD. The independence‐experience (Index) model of synthesized (third order) interpretations highlighted the processes of social networks and self‐care practices: (a) fear or avoidance of dependency, (b) learning from experiences of adaptive self‐care behaviours and (c) including valued practices in self‐care. Self‐care strategies are formed through illness experiences and relatable social encounters. Conclusion The model derived from the third‐order interpretations is a framework to describe socially supported self‐care and can be used to direct future self‐care strategies and target interventions for people with COPD. Patient or Public Contribution The findings and model were presented to the long‐term conditions patient and public involvement group. The manuscript is coauthored by a public representative.

This paper presents a multiscale modeling framework (MMF) to model moist atmospheric limited‐area weather. The MMF resolves large‐scale convection using a coarse grid while simultaneously resolving local features through numerous fine local grids and coupling them seamlessly. Both large‐ and small‐scale processes are modeled using the compressible Navier‐Stokes equations within the Nonhydrostatic Unified Model of the Atmosphere (NUMA), and are discretized using a continuous element‐based Galerkin method (spectral elements) with high‐order basis functions. Consequently, the large‐scale and small‐scale models share the same dynamical core but have the flexibility to be adjusted individually. The proposed MMF method is tested in 2D and 3D idealized limited‐area weather problems involving storm clouds produced by squall line and supercell simulations. Numerical results from the MMF showed enhanced representation of cloud processes compared to the coarse model. Plain Language Summary Conventional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models represent convective processes using a subgrid‐scale parameterization. The large‐scale convective processes typically use grids with relatively low resolution, while resolving small‐scale cloud processes requires much higher resolution. To efficiently address this multiscale problem, the multiscale modeling framework (MMF) simulates the large‐scale process on a lower resolution grid, while incorporating multiple, independent higher resolution grids to simulate local cloud processes. We present an MMF in which the large‐scale and small‐scale models are constructed using similar mathematical models and high‐order discretization methods. Key Points A multiscale modeling framework (MMF) for moist atmospheric limited‐area simulations is developed The large‐scale and small‐scale processes in the framework are modeled using a nonhydrostatic model and an element‐based Galerkin method The MMF improves the representation of moist dynamics for cloud processes

Background Acute psychological stress can produce significant hemoconcentration as well as prothrombotic changes in blood, both of which may have potentially harmful effects on the cardiovascular system. It is unclear whether these effects are independent or have influence on each other. Purpose This review discusses research investigating the effects of acute psychological stress on hemoconcentration and hemostasis and explores future directions for psychohematology research. Physiology, associations with cardiovascular disease, and relationships between acute psychological stress are discussed independently for hemoconcentration and hemostasis, followed by an examination of the effects of stress-hemoconcentration on hemostasis. Conclusions Traditional methods of adjusting for stress-hemoconcentration effects (e.g., calculated plasma volume or hematocrit level corrections) may not be appropriate when examining stress-induced changes in hemostasis. The effects of acute stress on hemostasis should be examined in conjunction with hemoconcentration.

Let f(z) be an analytic or meromorphic function in the closed unit disk sampled at the nth roots of unity. Based on these data, how can we approximately evaluate f(z) or f(m) (z) at a point z in the disk? How can we calculate the zeros or poles of f in the disk? These questions exhibit in the purest form certain algorithmic issues that arise across computational science in areas including integral equations, partial differential equations, and large-scale linear algebra. We analyze some of the possibilities and emphasize the distinction between algorithms based on polynomial or rational interpolation and those based on trapezoidal rule approximations of Cauchy integrals. We then show how these developments apply to the problem of computing the eigenvalues in the disk of a matrix of large dimension. Finally we highlight the power of rational in comparison with polynomial approximations for some of these problems.

Factors associated with study completion in younger adults are not well understood. This study sought to describe psychosocial, clinical, and demographic features associated with completion of a study of men and women with premature acute coronary syndrome. As part of the GENdEr and Sex determInantS of cardiovascular disease: From bench to beyond-Premature Acute Coronary Syndrome (GENESIS-PRAXY) study, demographic, psychosocial, and clinical variables were assessed in 1213 patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (≤ 55 years; 30% women). Patients were followed for 12 months. Dropouts withdrew from the study or were lost to follow-up after 12 months; completers were still enrolled after 12 months. Of 1213 patients initially enrolled, 777 (64.1%) completed 12-month follow-up. Fully adjusted models suggested that being older (OR = 1.04, 95% CI [1.01, 1.06]), higher subjective social status within one's country (OR = 1.11, 95% CI [1.01, 1.22]), being free of type II diabetes, (OR = 0.66, 95% CI [0.45, 0.97]), non-smoking status (OR = 0.70, 95% CI [0.51, 0.95]) and being free of depression (OR = 1.52, 95% CI [1.11, 2.07]) were independently associated with study completion. Recruitment/retention strategies targeting individuals who smoke, are younger, have low subjective social status within one's country, have diabetes, or have depression may improve participant follow-up in cardiovascular cohort studies.

Background To provide information on dose–response and aid in modelling the exposure dynamics of the BSE epidemic in the United Kingdom groups of cattle were exposed orally to a range of different doses of brainstem homogenate of known infectious titre from clinical cases of classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Interim data from this study was published in 2007. This communication documents additional BSE cases, which occurred subsequently, examines possible influence of the bovine prion protein gene on disease incidence and revises estimates of effective oral exposure. Findings Following interim published results, two further cattle, one dosed with 100 mg and culled at 127 months post exposure and the other dosed with 10 mg and culled at 110 months post exposure, developed BSE. Both had a similar pathological phenotype to previous cases. Based on attack rate and incubation period distribution according to dose, the dose estimate at which 50% of confirmed cases would be clinically affected was revised to 0.15 g of the brain homogenate used in the experiment, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.03–0.79 g. Neither the full open reading frame nor the promoter region of the prion protein gene of dosed cattle appeared to influence susceptibility to BSE, but this may be due to the sample size. Conclusions Oral exposure of cattle to a large range of doses of a BSE brainstem homogenate produced disease in all dose groups. The pathological presentation resembled natural disease. The attack rate and incubation period were dependent on the dose.