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"Anthony, David W"
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Archaeology, Genetics, and Language in the Steppes: A Comment on Bomhard
Bomhard's hypothesis is that PIE was the result of interference between a substrate related to Northwest Caucasian and a dominant language related to Uralic (pre-Uralic?) that absorbed Caucasus-like elements in phonology, morphology, and lexicon. That kind of interference would imply a long period of widespread bilingualism among the pre-Uralic speakers. The shared lexical cognates that Bomhard lists include kinship terms such as 'daughter-in-law', suggesting the occurrence of at least occasional formal intermarriage between the two language communities. I have been asked to outline how this hypothesis might correlate with genetic and archaeological evidence 'on the ground' in the Pontic-Caspian-North Caucasus region. Much of my assessment is based on research that has been posted on the public server bioarxiv but is not yet formally published. I accept Mallory's reading of the current consensus that the Yamnaya expansion, beginning about 3000 BC into both Europe and Asia from the Pontic-Caspian steppes, represented the expansion of late PIE languages (after the separation of Anatolian). Putting aside the questions of how and why that expansion occurred, my topic is the formation and origin of the Yamnaya mating network, as a genetic phenomenon; and secondarily of the Yamnaya culture, beginning about 3300 BC within the Pontic-Caspian steppes, as an archaeological phenomenon. I also assess how pre-Yamnaya genetic and archaeological patterns of interaction might correlate with Bomhard's hypothesis for early PIE origins.
Journal Article
A Bronze Age landscape in the Russian steppes : the Samara Valley Project
\"The Samara Valley Project (SVP) was a US-Russian archaeological investigation in the steppes east of Samara, Russia between 1995 and 2002. This 21-author volume is the project's final report. It describes the changing organization and subsistence resources of pastoral steppe economies from the Eneolithic (4500 BC) through the Late Bronze Age (1900-1200 BC) across a steppe-and-river valley landscape in the middle Volga region, with particular attention to the role of agriculture during the unusual episode of sedentary, settled pastoralism that spread across the Eurasian steppes with the Srubnaya (Timber-Grave) and Andronovo cultures (1900-1200 BC). We excavated a permanently occupied Srubnaya domestic residence at Krasnosamarskoe dated about 1900-1700 BC and a series of contemporaneous seasonal Srubnaya herding camps. This is the first English-language monograph that describes seasonal and permanent LBA settlements in the Russian steppes. We analyze economic resources (wild and domesticated plants and animals, copper mining and metallurgy) and their seasonal exploitation, supplemented by human biological data from Eneolithic-through-Bronze Age pathologies related to diet, health, and activities, as well as dietary stable isotopes, cranio-facial measurements, and ancient DNA. Three important discoveries were that agriculture played no role in the LBA diet across the region, a surprise given the settled residential pattern; second that a winter ritual involving dog and wolf sacrifices, possibly related to male initiation ceremonies, occurred uniquely at Krasnosamarskoe; and third that overlapping spheres of obligation, cooperation, and affiliation operated at different scales to integrate groups defined by politics, economics, and ritual behaviors\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The Secondary Products Revolution, Horse-Riding, and Mounted Warfare
Andrew Sherratt included horseback riding and chariotry in his conception of the Secondary Products Revolution, but his emphasis on the role of horses in warfare and on a Near Eastern influence in the earliest episode of horse domestication is viewed here as as an important shortcoming in his understanding of the process of horse domestication. Current evidence indicates that horses were domesticated in the steppes of Kazakhstan and Russia, certainly by 3500 BC and possibly by 4500 BC. Tribal raiding on horseback could be almost that old, but organized cavalry appeared only after 1000 BC. Riding might initially have been more important for increasing the productivity and efficiency of sheep and cattle pastoralism in the western Eurasian steppes. The earliest (so far) direct evidence for riding consists of pathologies on the teeth and jaw associated with bitting, found at Botai and Kozhai 1. Recent developments and debates in the study of bit-related pathologies are reviewed and the reliability of bit wear as a diagnostic indicator of riding and driving is defended.
Journal Article
Harper's illustrated biochemistry
Integrates detailed discussions of biochemical diseases, updated clinical information, case studies, and extensive illustrations, this classic can be used as both a text and USMLE review book. Extensively illustrated with 500+ clear, descriptive illustrations and new chapters on amino acids and peptides, structures of protein, and the Human Genome project.
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Migration in Archeology: The Baby and the Bathwater
Migration has been largely ignored by archeologists for the last two decades. Yet prehistoric demography and population studies are accepted as central concerns, and neither of these can be studied profitably without an understanding of migration. Recent books by Rouse and Renfrew have resurrected migration as a subject of serious analysis. It is proposed here that systems-oriented archeologists, in rejecting migration, have thrown out the baby with the bathwater. Traditional archeological approaches to migration fall short because a methodology for examining prehistoric migration must be dependent upon an understanding of the general structure of migration as a patterned human behavior. Aspects of such a structure are suggested and an application to a particular case in Eastern Europe is described.
Journal Article
Play it loud : instruments of rock & roll
Play It Loud celebrates the musical instruments that gave rock and roll its signature sound-from Louis Jordan's alto saxophone and John Lennon's Rickenbacker to the drum set owned by Metallica's Lars Ulrich, Lady Gaga's keytar, and beyond. Seven engrossing essays by veteran music journalists and scholars discuss the technical developments that fostered rock's seductive riffs and driving rhythms, the thrilling innovations musicians have devised to achieve unique effects, and the visual impact their instruments have had. Abundant photographs depict rock's most iconic instruments-including Jerry Lee Lewis's baby grand piano, Chuck Berry's Gibson ES-350T guitar, Bootsy Collins's star-shaped bass, Keith Moon's drum set, and the white Stratocaster Jimi Hendrix played at Woodstock-as works of art in their own right. Produced in collaboration with the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, this astounding book goes behind the music to offer a rare and in-depth look at the instruments that inspired the musicians and made possible the songs we know and love. Exhibition: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA (01.04-15.09.2019); The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland, USA (20.11.2019-13.09.2020). -- Book jacket.
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Eneolithic horse exploitation in the Eurasian steppes: diet, ritual and riding
The symbolism of the horse in Eneolithic society is explored in this paper. Recent excavations in the Eurasian steppes demonstrate the importance of horses before domestication and horse riding became common; showing they were eaten, exploited and revered.
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Horse, wagon & chariot: Indo-European languages and archaeology
New discoveries across the steppe zone of eastern Europe, and new dates relating to those discoveries, keep that oldest of archaeological puzzles, the Indo-European question, happily unanswered. A version of this paper was given at a 1994 meeting, on ‘Language, culture and biology in prehistoric central Eurasia’—its title a reminder that the biological view of Indo-European may again be a growing interest.
Journal Article