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Purpose of Review Comparative research on sex and/or gender differences in occupational hazard exposures is necessary for effective work injury and illness prevention strategies. This scoping review summarizes the peer-reviewed literature from 2009 to 2019 on exposure differences to occupational hazards between men and women, across occupations, and within the same occupation. Recent Findings Fifty-eight studies retrieved from eight databases met our inclusion criteria. Of these, 30 studies were found on physical hazards, 38 studies on psychological/psychosocial hazards, 5 studies on biological hazards, and 17 studies on chemical hazards. The majority of studies reported that men were exposed to noise, vibration, medical radiation, physically demanding work, solar radiation, falls, biomechanical risks, chemical hazards, and blood contamination; while women were exposed to wet work, bullying and discrimination, work stress, and biological agents. Within the same occupations, men were more likely to be exposed to physical hazards, with the exception of women in health care occupations and exposure to prolonged standing. Women compared to men in the same occupations were more likely to experience harassment, while men compared to women in the same occupations reported higher work stress. Men reported more exposure to hazardous chemicals in the same occupations as women. Summary The review suggests that men and women have different exposures to occupational hazards and that these differences are not solely due to a gendered distribution of the labor force by occupation. Findings may inform prevention efforts seeking to reduce gender inequalities in occupational health. Future research is needed to explain the reasons for sex/gender inequality differences in exposures within the same occupation.

This paper reports the development and application of a new wind sensing system, ValidWind. ValidWind consists of small, helium-filled tracer balloons and an instrument that tracks them with high spatial resolution by means of an eye-safe lidar rangefinder and records 3D balloon position as a function of time. Lightweight retroreflectors attached to the balloons enhance the optical range. Balloon tracking is automatic. The data products include horizontal wind speed, wind direction, and vertical shear as functions of time and geolocation. Vertical wind speeds can be inferred from variations of the balloons’ rate of rise given the balance between buoyancy and aerodynamic drag. Applications of ValidWind include characterization of katabatic and ridge-top wind fields and monitoring of windborne aerosol transport. The capability of ValidWind balloons to provide useful profiles of the wind from the ground up to an altitude of 2 km AGL is presented and analyzed.

Results from the experimental application of the Frisch Interview Procedure to determine price responsiveness of subsistence farmers under conditions of severe data shortage are reported. The context for the work is the program for development and adoption of new bean varieties at the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. The conceptual framework is systems theory and partial equilibrium analysis of price response. The research is designed to investigate the impact of variability in farming communities on guidelines for policy prescription and action programs. The hypothesis explored is that changes in the relative prices of outputs of a farming system coincident with the introduction of new varieties should influence the adoption of new varieties. The evidence obtained suggests that this hypothesis is ill-founded.