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We studied the factors affecting the persistence of a frugivorous butterfly species, Hamadryas februa, in a set of forested islands located in Lago Guri, a reservoir in eastern Venezuela. The roles of isolation, area and habitat quality (larval host plant density, light conditions and presence of fruiting trees) in determining island butterfly densities were investigated through observations and experiments. Butterfly densities increased significantly with increase in both island area and local larval host plant density, but were not related to distance from colonizing sources, light conditions or presence of fruiting trees. Butterfly populations on even distant islands were not augmented by the experimental introduction of adults. Butterfly residence times were higher on sites located on a large island than on small islands. However, there was no evidence that the positive correlation between adult density and host plant density was caused by increased reproduction. The results indicate that butterfly densities are not constrained by colonization capabilities but rather, by lack of appropriate host plants and high rates of emigration from islands. The study indicates the importance of considering patterns in movement and habitat heterogeneity when designing conservation strategies for insects in fragmented landscapes.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Este artículo presenta información recopilada de diferentes fuentes acerca del órgano tubular de la Basílica de Chiquinquirá. Señala datos que hasta hoy son desconocidos por la feligresía mariana, la comunidad de frailes dominicos y la ciudadanía en general de la Capital Religiosa de Colombia. A partir de fuentes bibliográficas, documentales y testimoniales, recoge una serie de datos acerca de la casa fabricante y del papel que jugaron algunas personas en la intermediación, adquisición, instalación e interpretación del instrumento durante sus primeras décadas (finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX). El artículo se basa en información proveniente principalmente de trabajos investigativos en España y Colombia acerca de la organería española de la época y específicamente de los órganos de la casa Amezua enviados a Colombia, sobre los cuales aporta nuevos hallazgos.  El artículo contribuye a reconstruir la historia de uno de los primeros y más grandes órganos tubulares llegados al país a finales del siglo XIX. La indagación que sustenta el artículo permitió encontrar también datos que corroboran y complementan lo que se conoce sobre la llegada del órgano de la Catedral de Bogotá y el órgano de la Candelaria, construidos por la misma casa de organería Amezua. Presenta además algunos registros fotográficos únicos sobre algunas personas directamente relacionadas con la historia estos órganos. Una de estas fotografías podría constituirse en el registro visual más antiguo conocido del órgano Amezua de la Catedral de Bogotá (1891).

We studied changes in a population of red-footed Amazonian tortoises, Geochelone carbonaria, consequent to isolation in an insular forest fragment. Altered age structure, population density, and body growth rate are shown here for the first time to be associated responses. Age structure was strongly biased toward juveniles and growth rates were reduced compared to the mainland. Our data suggest that density-dependent processes induced by habitat fragmentation changed demography and life history parameters in a scant 16 years.

We studied changes in a population of red-footed Amazonian tortoises, Geochelone carbonaria, consequent to isolation in an insular forest fragment. Altered age structure, population density, and body growth rate are shown here for the first time to be associated responses. Age structure was strongly biased toward juveniles and growth rates were reduced compared to the mainland. Our data suggest that density-dependent processes induced by habitat fragmentation changed demography and life history parameters in a scant 16 years.

We studied changes in a population of red‐footed Amazonian tortoises, Geochelone carbonaria, consequent to isolation in an insular forest fragment. Altered age structure, population density, and body growth rate are shown here for the first time to be associated responses. Age structure was strongly biased toward juveniles and growth rates were reduced compared to the mainland. Our data suggest that density‐dependent processes induced by habitat fragmentation changed demography and life history parameters in a scant 16 years.

We studied changes in a population of red‐footed Amazonian tortoises, Geochelone carbonaria , consequent to isolation in an insular forest fragment. Altered age structure, population density, and body growth rate are shown here for the first time to be associated responses. Age structure was strongly biased toward juveniles and growth rates were reduced compared to the mainland. Our data suggest that density‐dependent processes induced by habitat fragmentation changed demography and life history parameters in a scant 16 years.

We studied changes in a population of red-footed Amazonian tortoises, Geochelone carbonaria, consequent to isolation in an insular forest fragment. Altered age structure, population density, and body growth rate are shown here for the first time to be associated responses. Age structure was strongly biased toward juveniles and growth rates were reduced compared to the mainland. Our data suggest that density-dependent processes induced by habitat fragmentation changed demography and life history parameters in a scant 16 years.

I am a Venezuelan biologist now studying Environment and Development in Britain. Since 2001 I have been travelling around venezuela documenting the conversation status of national parks and promoting environmental democracy among rural communities who live in the parks and depend on the natural resources provided by them.

Context: Oral administration of midazolam is one of the most important protocols for producing adequate conscious sedation; however, it has an unpleasant taste and is poorly tolerated by pediatric patients. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sedative effect of diluted midazolam in different vehicles used to mask its unpleasant taste. Methods and Material: A total of 30 male mice (BALB-c) were randomly distributed in five groups. They were administered diluted midazolam in different vehicles (saline solution, paracetamol syrup, diclofenac suspension, multi-vitamin syrup, and boxed juice). All suspensions were administered orally (0.6 mg/Kg). The pH variation was evaluated with a digital pH meter, and the quality of sedation was evaluated in three tests: hole board test, grip strength test, and forced swimming test. Results: The paracetamol syrup vehicle was found to be the only vehicle which did not change its pH over time after dilution of midazolam. When evaluating the perforated platform, the greatest sedative effect was observed in the midazolam group with the paracetamol syrup (P > 0.05). Regarding grip strength, a difference was evident in all study groups at 45 minutes (P = 0.006); the midazolam group with the multi-vitamin syrup was less effective. Regarding the response time to forced swimming, the midazolam group with the paracetamol syrup presented the longest time at 15 and 30 minutes (5.39 ± 0.93 and 6.29 ± 0.83, respectively). Conclusion: The suspension of midazolam diluted in the paracetamol syrup is the most suitable for performing conscious sedation efficiently.