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Purpose This study aims to determine the contributing factors to technical knowledge valuation at the related quadruple levels of commercialisation, including the idea, benchtop technical knowledge, prototype technical knowledge and commercialised technical knowledge, and then classify the factors by the valuation objectives. Design/methodology/approach The study method is descriptive-causal, and documentation tools of published scientific research articles in authentic local and international journals were used to extract the contributing factors to technical knowledge valuation. Moreover, the Likert spectrum-based questionnaire is used to determine the weight of each determined component. On the other hand, hierarchical analysis is used based on the extracted results from the distributed classification questionnaire among scholars to determine the allocable weight of each component. Findings The results indicate that at the idea step, the highest ranks among the contributing factors to technical knowledge valuation are for the indicators of innovation rate enhancement, novelty, creation of new products, profitability growth and dependence decline. In the benchtop technical knowledge step, the indicators of profitability growth, product quality enhancement, novelty, production risk drop, innovation rate enhancement, production costs drop, product price competitiveness and independence from rare machinery have the highest impact coefficients on valuation. Moreover, the prioritisation of factors in prototype technical knowledge shows that the indicators of productive risk decline, infrastructure, decrease in product delivery time, productivity growth and profitability growth are the most critical factors in technical knowledge valuation. Finally, profitability growth factors, production cost drop, productive risk drop, creating a new product, product price competitiveness and dependence decline determine the most valuable technical knowledge in the commercialisation phase. Research limitations/implications The most salient innovation of the study involves the development levels of technical knowledge in the commercialisation cycle for determining the contributing factors to technical knowledge valuation and using multivariate decision-making methods to classify the so-called factors. The major limitation can be the context of the study because the paper was carried out by Iranian assessors and specialists using the experiences, opinions and approaches of opinion leaders based on the dominant social, cultural and accounting background of a developing country, not a developed one. Originality/value This paper is applicable because it elucidates the technical knowledge valuation factors for managers and owners of technological and knowledge-based companies to facilitate value determination and register the technical knowledge of innovative products in financial statements for the logical presentation of available intangible assets in the economic unit. Besides, in the high-tech area, collecting information from the contributing factors to technical knowledge valuation provides an opportunity to support intellectual property rights and facilitate transaction processes. Finally, in legal areas, in cases of breaching intellectual property rights relative to technical knowledge, the determination of technical knowledge value provides a solid basis for estimating the damage rate.

PurposeTeachers’ responses to students’ mistakes vary based on their countries’ social culture. We investigated the cultural script in a Mongolian lesson on teachers’ responses to students' mistakes.Design/methodology/approachWe employed transcript-based lesson analyses and cultural transcript approaches. We gathered data from a Mongolian lesson and analysed the transcripts, emphasising the students’ mistakes.FindingsWe avoided drawing conclusions and offering recommendations on the shortcomings of Mongolian lessons because our approach was from a cultural standpoint. The teacher of our research lesson and interviewee teachers placed less emphasis on working with students' mistakes than other elements of teaching. They tended to ignore or merely acknowledge the students’ mistakes in order to continue the lesson as planned. During our discussions, we explored the potential relationship between the behaviourist approach and the way teachers handle their students' mistakes. We also considered how the subject matter might influence the types of mistakes. These findings could guide future research in this area.Research limitations/implicationsThough we tried to enhance the representativeness of our study with interviews, we were not satisfied with the qualitative analysis. Future research should focus more on conducting interviews and discussions with Mongolian and Japanese educators to incorporate cross-cultural perspectives. It will provide valuable insights for successfully adapting lesson studies in Mongolia.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, there has been no international publication on Mongolian lesson studies on students’ mistakes. The cultural perspective of Mongolian lessons may be valuable to a global audience given the uniqueness of the Euro-Asian nomadic culture that is fast adapting to urbanisation in the globalising world.

This research aims to study a real-world example of the unrelated parallel machine scheduling problem (UPMSP), considering job-splitting, inventories, shortage, and resource constraints. Since the nature of the studied optimization problem is NP-hard, we applied a metaheuristic algorithm named Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO). The novelty of this study is fourfold. First, the model tackles the inventory problem along with the shortage amount to avoid the late fee. Second, due to the popularity of minimizing completion time (Makespan), each job is divided into small parts to be operated on various machines. Third, renewable resources are included to ensure the feasibility of the production process. Fourth, a mixed-integer linear programming formulation and the solution methodology are developed. To feed the metaheuristic algorithm with an initial viable solution, a heuristic algorithm is also fabricated. Also, the discrete version of the GWO algorithm for this specific problem is proposed to obtain the results. Our results confirmed that our proposed discrete GWO algorithm could efficiently solve a real case study in a timely manner. Finally, future research threads are suggested for academic and industrial communities.

Rare earth oxides Er 2 TiO 5 photocatalysts supported on superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 core–shell nanostructures were prepared through a sol–gel method. The achieved magnetic nanostructures were characterized by a number of procedures such as XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, UV–Vis DRS, VSM and PL spectroscopy and then the activity of the magnetic nanostructures as a photocatalysts for the UV–Vis induced degradation of methyl orange was evaluated. The activity of Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @Er 2 TiO 5 were tested as photodegradation catalysts for removing methyl orange. Moreover, the effect of incorporating different amounts of erbium oxides in the photocatalysts was studied and it was found that the optimal amount of erbium oxide in terms of reaching the highest photocatalytic activity was 25 wt%.

Here in, the synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 /CdWO 4 and their composite with carbon dot (CD) was achieved by a new method, and convenient procedure using carbohydrates as a reduction and capping agent. The resulting Fe 3 O 4 /CdWO 4 and Fe 3 O 4 /CdWO 4 /CD heterostructure were examined by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, field emission scanning electronmicroscopy, vibration sampling magnetometer, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. Fe 3 O 4 /CdWO 4 heterostructure indicated degradation around 49% while composite Fe 3 O 4 /CdWO 4 with CDs can degradation 99% for 80 min under visible light for Rodamin B. Factors influencing 4-nitrophenol elimination via the stated nanophotocatalyst, like size of nanostructures, pH, weight% CDs to Fe 3 O 4 /CdWO 4 and dyes were investigated. The finding showed that Fe 3 O 4 /CdWO 4 /CDs contains accumulation and spherical-like, fine monodispersity, pure structure, and superior magnetic features with particle size around 30 to 50 nm. UV–visible spectroscopy showed a decrease in the band gap of the Fe 3 O 4 /CdWO 4 from 3.15 to 2.70 eV with increasing CDs to Fe 3 O 4 /CdWO 4 nanostructures. In addition, the result showed that with assessment of pH, dose heterostructure and type dyes are able to optimum condition.

Yb3+- and Pr3+-substituted cobalt–nickel ferrite nanoparticles were prepared through a sol–gel auto-combustion procedure and the effects on the cytotoxic, photocatalytic and magnetic characteristics of the resulting compounds were evaluated. As an initial step, the structure, morphology and magnetic properties of the produced particles were assessed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photoluminescence (PL), and vibrating sample magnetometery (VSM) techniques. The crystalline size and nanoparticles size of prepared nanostructures was in the range of 100–180 and 90–220 nm based on XRD and SEM results. Using the XRD results it was found that the product had a spinel cobalt–nickel ferrite phase structure, also containing some PrFeO3 and YbFeO3 phases as impurities. VSM results exhibited that Co0.5Ni0.5Pr0.1Fe1.9O4 has higher magnetic parameters than Co0.5Ni0.5Yb0.1Fe1.9O4, yet but the latter enjoys enhanced photocatalytic activity in degrading methyl orange (MO) under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation.

BACKGROUND:One of the main issues related to the inefficiency of the health system is the lack of sufficient communication between researchers and health policymakers regarding the exchange of the latest findings and the use of inappropriate evidence to manage cases. The knowledge translation removes this disconnect.MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this comparative study, to obtain appropriate data on the status of knowledge translation, refer to the databases of reputable centers and governments and the knowledge translation models were reviewed in the title of main articles, abstracts, guidelines, and reports of reputable international organizations between 2005 and 2020. The origin of the models was determined, then the countries with the largest number of models were selected and analyzed using Walt and Gilson's “Policy Triangle framework in four dimensions: context, content, process, and actors.”RESULTS:All the three countries have politically, socially, and economically made knowledge translation one of their policy priorities. Iran's centralized health system is a major obstacle. The USA and Canada have clear strategies and coherent and practical infrastructures that implement the knowledge translation in the form of operational plans. In contrast, in Iran, it has been enough to establish the knowledge translation centers at the level of universities and knowledge translation websites. In Iran, the Ministry of Health and universities of medical sciences play a direct role, but in Canada, they also use knowledge broker to apply knowledge.CONCLUSION:Iran is building capacity in the field of knowledge translation. That the implementation of interventions with the cooperation of macro policymakers can strengthen it.

The fabrication of nanoceramices and nanomaterials with desirable morphology, structure, and particle size is one of the most important fields in the nanoscience. In order to achieve this goal, the sol–gel method is one of the most applicable methods which allow us to attain desirable structures by changing some parameters. This review focuses on the synthesis of some MTiO 3 (M = transition metals) by different routs owing to the technological importance of this group of materials. It also investigates different properties of such materials including photocatalytic, dielectric, optical and electrocatalytic behaviors. The conventional titanates of MnTiO 3 , FeTiO 3 , and CoTiO 3 are introduced and furthermore, their syntheses have been clarified by proposing a related mechanism. The effects of reactants concentration, time and temperature reaction, surfactant, M 2+ and Ti 4+ sources, etc. on the particle size, morphology, and some properties of the obtained nanomaterials have been investigated. The size and morphology of the as-synthesized samples are studied by the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images. The optical, magnetic, and photocatalytic properties of the MTiO 3 are studied as well.

PurposeThis study was designed to investigate the impacts of work-family role conflict on job and life satisfaction among three major professionals: doctors, engineers and university teachers. Data were collected through a face to face survey on 60 doctors, 60 engineers and 60 university teachers of different public and private institutes of Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approachConducted data analysis were statistical analysis of questionnaires (mean, SD, max, min), descriptive analysis (%), t-test, analysis of variance test, correlation analysis and regression analysis.FindingsThe results demonstrate that the university teachers had experienced more work-family conflict (WFC) on job satisfaction and family-work conflict (FWC) on job and life satisfaction than doctors and engineers; however, engineers experienced more WFC in the case of life satisfaction. The study also implied that control variables such as gender identification, reported number of children, marital status, education level and adhered religion had significant impact (p < 0.05) on WFC, FWC, job satisfaction and life satisfaction.Originality/valueThis study will provide insight into the effects of spouse, supervisor and number of children on both job and life satisfaction.

Purpose This study attempts to provide cross-cultural learning by focusing on a very important aspect of research, the study of teaching materials, known as Kyouzai Kenkyuu in Japan. The purpose of this paper is to investigate teachers’ views and awareness about the study of teaching materials, in particular, the views and awareness of Iranian teachers, who are beginning to understand their teaching practice and professional development through lesson study. Design/methodology/approach Qualitative research methods were employed for data collection. These methods included comparative analysis of an Iranian mathematics lesson from the perspective of Japanese educators and semi-structured interviews with all participants of the lesson analysis meetings. Findings The findings are intended to position Kyouzai Kenkyuu as an important aspect of Japanese lesson study and to make explicit the beliefs and values that underpin and shape pedagogical reasoning that support researchers and practitioners to improve the quality of teaching through lesson study. This was achieved through post-lesson discussion meetings, and the beliefs and values were those the participants were largely unaware of but could be clarified through a cross-cultural comparison. For instance, Japanese teachers focus more on learners and the study of teaching materials for raising the quality of teaching, whereas Iranian teachers focus more on the content of teaching and teacher behavior. Research limitations/implications This study delivers a transnational learning opportunity for teachers and researchers to learn how to provide evidence-based analysis of a lesson to raise the quality of teaching. However, as this is a case study and focuses specifically on Kyouzai Kenkyuu, it opens up the possibility for comparative analysis of more sample lessons and other aspects of Japanese lesson study. Practical implications It may be interesting for teachers and researchers to see how such a study could help them revise their quality of teaching through lesson study and construct shared knowledge about how to teach and to clarify “the pedagogical theories” that underpin such knowledge building. Social implications The value of this study is in its ability to reveal to educators their own unconscious teaching script and knowledge and “the pedagogical theories” that underpin such knowledge. It provides an opportunity for evidence-based critiques of our own teaching script, theory, view and values that we accept culturally, share tacitly and may not even be aware of in the construction process. Originality/value This study combines careful measurement with an “insider’s perspective” from Iran and an “outsider’s perspective” from Japan of differing educational concepts within the same subject area. The objective is to provide a deeper understanding of the real world of lesson study and how it can help educators to construct shared knowledge about how to teach in practice and to support teachers to revise the cultural context of teaching.