Explore the vast range of titles available.

The magnetosheath flow may take the form of large amplitude, yet spatially localized, transient increases in dynamic pressure, known as “magnetosheath jets” or “plasmoids” among other denominations. Here, we describe the present state of knowledge with respect to such jets, which are a very common phenomenon downstream of the quasi-parallel bow shock. We discuss their properties as determined by satellite observations (based on both case and statistical studies), their occurrence, their relation to solar wind and foreshock conditions, and their interaction with and impact on the magnetosphere. As carriers of plasma and corresponding momentum, energy, and magnetic flux, jets bear some similarities to bursty bulk flows, which they are compared to. Based on our knowledge of jets in the near Earth environment, we discuss the expectations for jets occurring in other planetary and astrophysical environments. We conclude with an outlook, in which a number of open questions are posed and future challenges in jet research are discussed.

Boundary dynamics are crucial for the transport of energy, mass, and momentum in geospace. The recently discovered plasmapause surface wave (PSW) plays a key role in the inner magnetosphere dynamics. However, a comprehensive investigation of spatial variations of the PSW remains absent. In this study, we elucidate the spatial characteristics of a PSW through observations from multiple spacecrafts in the magnetosphere. Following the initiation of the PSW, quasi‐periodic injections of energetic ions, rather than electrons, are suggested to serve as energy source of the PSW. Based on the distinct wave and particle signatures, we categorize the PSW into four regions: seed region, growth region, stabilization region and decay region, spanning from nightside to afternoon plasmapause. These findings advance our understanding of universal boundary dynamics and contribute to a deeper comprehension of the pivotal roles of surface waves in the energy couplings within the magnetosphere‐plasmasphere‐ionosphere system. Plain Language Summary Much like the rhythmic beating of a drum, boundaries within the terrestrial system, which delimit distinct plasmas with varying temperatures and densities, can oscillate due to external impulses or internal instabilities, giving rise to surface waves. These surface waves travel along the boundary surface and establish standing wave structures in magnetic field lines. In the terrestrial space environment, two types of surface waves have been identified: the magnetopause surface wave and the plasmapause surface wave (PSW). These waves typically have frequencies ranging from fractions of milli Hertz to a few milli Hertz, with periods spanning from several to tens of minutes. They are believed to play a vital role in mass, energy, and momentum transport within Earth's magnetosphere. However, the exact source that excites the waves and the manner in which the waves evolve along the boundary remain elusive. In this study, we, for the first time, unveil the spatial evolutionary signatures of the PSW during a moderate geomagnetic storm accompanied by substorms, utilizing data from six magnetospheric spacecrafts positioned near the plasmapause. This research contributes to a better understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying the widespread existence of surface waves in the universe, shedding light on the processes of magnetosphere‐plasmasphere‐ionosphere energy couplings and wave‐particle interactions associated with surface waves. Key Points Spatial characteristics of plasmapause surface wave (PSW) are elucidate with multiple‐spacecraft observations in the magnetosphere It is suggested that quasi‐periodic injections of energetic ions rather than electrons sustain the PSW during the substorm The PSW is categorized into seed region, growth region, stabilization region, and decay region with different wave and particle properties

Protective ventilation is a cornerstone of perioperative management during lung transplantation. However, its current clinical approach is mainly based on literature from intensive care and elective surgery with one-lung ventilation. This review summarizes the pathophysiology of each of the four main end-stage lung diseases and how mechanical power affects the energy exerted on the lungs during the different surgical steps, first on the host and then on the grafts. Each pathology presents specific parenchymal characteristics, and there is great heterogeneity in pulmonary compliance within and between patients. Recognizing these regional heterogeneities in compliance is fundamental to personalizing ventilator settings and avoiding increasing ventilator-induced lung injury. Furthermore, we explored the concept of the multiple-hits model of lung allograft injury. It highlights the consequences over time (additive or synergic) of all the risk factors cumulated on allograft injury, from the donor before harvesting, to the transport, and finally after implantation. Additionally, we discussed the novel opportunity that ex-vivo lung perfusion offers in the assessment of graft quality using various parameters, as well as mechanical power to guide different modes and settings to optimize ventilation. This experimental model could be used to develop new specific ventilation strategies to optimize the mechanical energy exerted on the lungs without a chest wall. Finally, we advocate for early extubation to reduce ventilation-induced lung injury and promote early rehabilitation. •Tailor ventilation to each end-stage lung disease during lung transplantation.•Multiple-hits model: cumulative & synergistic injuries from the donor to implantation.•EVLP allows new strategies to reduce mechanical energy in a chest wall-free model.•Early extubation reduces ventilator-induced lung injury and enhances rehabilitation.

Solar wind directional discontinuities can generate transient mesoscale structures such as foreshock bubbles and hot flow anomalies (HFAs) upstream of Earth's bow shock. These structures can have a global impact on near‐Earth space, so understanding their formation conditions is essential. We investigate foreshock transient generation at a rotational discontinuity using a global 2D hybrid‐Vlasov simulation. As expected, a foreshock bubble forms on the sunward side of the discontinuity. Later, when the discontinuity reaches the shock, new structures identified as HFAs develop, despite the initial discontinuity not being favorable to HFA formation. We demonstrate that the foreshock bubble provides the necessary conditions for their generation. We then investigate the evolution of the transient structures and the large‐scale bow shock deformation they induce. Our results provide new insights on the formation and evolution of foreshock transients and their impact on the shock.

Using 6 years of evaluation data, we assess the medium- and long-term impacts upon a diverse range of students, teachers, and schools from participating in a programme of protracted university-mentored projects based on cutting-edge space science, astronomy, and particle physics research. After having completed their 6-month-long projects, the 14–18-year-old school students report having substantially increased in confidence relating to relevant scientific topics and methods as well as having developed numerous skills, outcomes which are corroborated by teachers. There is evidence that the projects helped increase students' aspirations towards physics, whereas science aspirations (generally high to begin with) were typically maintained or confirmed through their involvement. Longitudinal evaluation 3 years later has revealed that these projects have been lasting experiences for students which they have benefited from and drawn upon in their subsequent university education. Data on students' destinations suggest that their involvement in research projects has made them more likely to undertake physics and STEM degrees than would otherwise be expected. Cases of co-created novel physics research resulting from Physics Research in School Environments (PRiSE) has also seemed to have a powerful effect, not only on the student co-authors, but also participating students from other schools. Teachers have also been positively affected through participating, with the programme having influenced their own knowledge, skills, and pedagogy, as well as having advantageous effects felt across their wider schools. These impacts suggest that similar “research in schools” initiatives may have a role to play in aiding the increased uptake and diversity of physics and/or STEM in higher education as well as meaningfully enhancing the STEM environment within schools.

Acute intracranial injuries including subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and seizures often trigger cardiovascular and pulmonary complications through the neurocardiac axis. This bidirectional connection between the brain and the heart is mediated by sympathetic overactivity, catecholamine excess, autonomic imbalance, and systemic inflammation. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence published between 1968 and 2025, identified through a comprehensive literature search. Representative studies were selected to provide an integrative overview of neurocardiac complications in acute neurologic injury, focusing on underlying mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies. We describe the mechanisms underlying neurogenic stunned myocardium and Takotsubo syndrome, highlighting regional vulnerability based on autonomic innervation. Electrocardiographic features, cardiac biomarkers, and echocardiographic findings are discussed in the context of early recognition and risk stratification. We further examine diagnostic challenges, the importance of distinguishing neurologic from primary cardiac pathology, and therapeutic approaches including autonomic modulation and cardiopulmonary protective strategies. Understanding the unique pathogenesis of these syndromes can help guide individualized treatment strategies and anesthetic management to improve outcomes in patients with acute neurologic injury. By consolidating multidisciplinary insights, this review aims to enhance recognition and management of neurocardiac complications in this population. •Reviews neurocardiac axis and its role in acute intracranial stress.•Explains mechanisms of sympathetic overdrive and catecholamine surge.•Describes neurogenic stunned myocardium and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.•Discusses diagnostic markers including ECG, biomarkers, and imaging.•Provides anesthetic and management strategies for perioperative care.

Introduction: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM), also known as stress cardiomyopathy or Broken Heart Syndrome, is a reversible, transient state of myocardial dyskinesis and apical ballooning. Infrequently, TCM may progress to severe life-threatening complications such as cardiogenic shock. Early mechanical circulatory support (MCS) is crucial to myocardial recovery in these cases. We present one of the first cases of TCM successfully treated with the advanced micro-axial minimally invasive Impella 5.5 with SmartAssist MCS device. Case Presentation: A female in her late 70s with a history of hypothyroidism, atrial fibrillation post-ablation, and cholelithiasis was referred to our facility for an elective cholecystectomy. Post-anesthesia induction with propofol 2.1 mg/kg (140 mg bolus), she became bradycardic and hypotensive, eventually leading to asystole, requiring CPR and termination of the procedure. Echocardiography revealed a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 24% with mid-ventricular akinesis and apical ballooning with mild mitral regurgitation, suggesting the diagnosis of TCM. Cardiac catheterization showed RA 20 and mean PA 42 mmHg. Lactate was 18.7 mmol/L and LDH 1776 U/L, suggesting progressive shock. Continuous epinephrine 0.1 mcg/kg/min and norepinephrine 0.06 mcg/kg/min were titrated for BP 97/58, and she was initially supported with the Impella CP device. Despite aggressive efforts, rising LDH levels and increased vasopressor needs indicated inadequate organ perfusion, requiring an upgrade to Impella 5.5. Impella 5.5 support for 11 days led to impressive myocardial recovery, leading to reductions, and eventual discontinuation, of inotropes and vasopressors. Post-Impella 5.5 explantation, her LVEF was 59–65% and she was discharged with Mobile Cardiac Outpatient Telemetry (MCOT) monitoring for her arrhythmias and reinitiation of guideline-directed medical therapies (GDMTs) for her comorbidities. Her 2-month follow-up shows sustained LVEF greater than 45% with functional improvements. Conclusions: Early escalation within 24 h of Impella CP to Impella 5.5 provided stabilization of cardiometabolic shock, preventing end-organ damage, allowing recovery of native heart function while maintaining ambulatory status, and allowing for optimizing medical therapy. It presents a safe, minimally invasive, and cost-effective intervention in TCM cases refractory to GDMT or when additional time is needed for decision-making in cases presenting with CS.

Shocklets and short large‐amplitude magnetic structures (SLAMS) are steepened magnetic fluctuations commonly found in Earth's upstream foreshock. Here we present Venus Express observations from the 26th of February 2009 establishing their existence in the steady‐state foreshock of Venus, building on a past study which found SLAMS during a substantial disturbance of the induced magnetosphere. The Venusian structures were comparable to those reported near Earth. The 2 Shocklets had magnetic compression ratios of 1.23 and 1.34 with linear polarization in the spacecraft frame. The 3 SLAMS had ratios between 3.22 and 4.03, two of which with elliptical polarization in the spacecraft frame. Statistical analysis suggests SLAMS coincide with unusually high solar wind Alfvén mach‐number at Venus (12.5, this event). Thus, while we establish Shocklets and SLAMS can form in the stable Venusian foreshock, they may be rarer than at Earth. We estimate a lower limit of their occurrence rate of ≳14%. Plain Language Summary We discover that Venus, like Earth, also has magnetic structures called Shocklets and short large‐amplitude magnetic structures (SLAMS) in its foreshock region, which is the area upstream of the planet where the interplanetary magnetic field is connected to its bow shock. Shocklets and SLAMS are common in the foreshock of Earth. However, Shocklets have not been observed at Venus before, and SLAMS have only been seen once, and then only during a large disturbance of the space near Venus. Thus it is unknown if SLAMS and Shocklets can form in the foreshock of a planet as close to its star as Venus. We used observations from the European Space Agency's Venus Express orbiter (2006–2014) to identify these structures in the Venusian foreshock. The structures were found to be present during periods of high solar wind activity, and a lower limit on how often they occur is at least 14% of the time. These findings provide new insights into the space environment around Venus and may help us understand the differences in the space environments of different planets. Key Points Shocklets and short large‐amplitude magnetic structures (SLAMS) can form in the steady‐state foreshock of Venus despite the magnetosphere being 1/10th the size of Earths The Venusian Shocklets and SLAMS had comparable magnetic signatures to those reported near Earth, but may be rarer Analysis of the solar wind at 0.72AU suggests Shocklets and SLAMS occur during high Alfvén mach‐numbers with a lower limit on occurrence rate of ≳14%

Societal biases are a major issue in school students' access to and interaction with science. School engagement programmes in science from universities, like independent research projects, which could try and tackle these problems are, however, often inequitable. We evaluate these concerns applied to one such programme, Physics Research in School Environments (PRiSE), which features projects in space science, astronomy, and particle physics. Comparing the schools involved with PRiSE to those of other similar schemes and UK national statistics, we find that PRiSE has engaged a much more diverse set of schools with significantly more disadvantaged groups than is typical. While drop-off occurs within the protracted programme, we find no evidence of systematic biases present. The majority of schools that complete projects return for multiple years with the programme, with this repeated buy-in from schools again being unpatterned by typical societal inequalities. Therefore, a school's ability to succeed in independent research projects appears independent of background within the PRiSE framework. Qualitative feedback from teachers shows that the diversity and equity of the programme, which they attribute to the level of support offered through PRiSE's framework, is valued, and they have highlighted further ways of making the projects potentially even more accessible. Researcher involvement, uncommon in many other programmes, along with teacher engagement and communication are found to be key elements to success in independent research projects overall.

Vasoplegic syndrome is a well-recognized complication during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, especially when refractory to conventional vasoconstrictor therapy. This is the first reported case of vasoplegia on CPB unresponsive to methylene blue whereas responsive to hydroxocobalamin, which indicates that the effect of hydroxocobalamin outside of the nitric oxide system is significant or that the two drugs have a synergistic effect in one or multiple mechanisms.