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This comprehensive review focuses on polyetheretherketone (PEEK), a synthetic thermoplastic polymer, for applications in dentistry. As a high-performance polymer, PEEK is intrinsically robust yet biocompatible, making it an ideal substitute for titanium—the current gold standard in dentistry. PEEK, however, is also inert due to its low surface energy and brings challenges when employed in dentistry. Inert PEEK often falls short of achieving a few critical requirements of clinical dental materials, such as adhesiveness, osseoconductivity, antibacterial properties, and resistance to tribocorrosion. This study aims to review these properties and explore the various surface modification strategies that enhance the performance of PEEK. Literatures searches were conducted on Google Scholar, Research Gate, and PubMed databases using PEEK, polyetheretherketone, osseointegration of PEEK, PEEK in dentistry, tribology of PEEK, surface modifications, dental applications, bonding strength, surface topography, adhesive in dentistry, and dental implant as keywords. Literature on the topics of surface modification to increase adhesiveness, tribology, and osseointegration of PEEK were included in the review. The unavailability of full texts was considered when excluding literature. Surface modifications via chemical strategies (such as sulfonation, plasma treatment, UV treatment, surface coating, surface polymerization, etc.) and/or physical approaches (such as sandblasting, laser treatment, accelerated neutral atom beam, layer-by-layer assembly, particle leaching, etc.) discussed in the literature are summarized and compared. Further, approaches such as the incorporation of bioactive materials, e.g., osteogenic agents, antibacterial agents, etc., to enhance the abovementioned desired properties are explored. This review presents surface modification as a critical and essential approach to enhance the biological performance of PEEK in dentistry by retaining its mechanical robustness.

The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of how Porphyromonas gingivalis responds to subperiosteal implant surface topography. A literature review was drawn from various electronic databases from 2000 to 2021. The two main keywords used were “Porphyromonas gingivalis” and “Surface Topography”. We excluded all reviews and or meta-analysis articles, articles not published in English, and articles with no surface characterization process or average surface roughness (Ra) value. A total of 26 selected publications were then included in this study. All research included showed the effect of topography on Porphyromonas gingivalis to various degrees. It was found that topography features such as size and shape affected Porphyromonas gingivalis adhesion to subperiosteal implant materials. In general, a smaller Ra value reduces Porphyromonas gingivalis regardless of the type of materials, with a threshold of 0.3 µm for titanium.

A scaffold that replicates the physicochemical composition of bone at the nanoscale level is a promising replacement for conventional bone grafts such as autograft, allograft, or xenograft. However, its creation is still a major challenge in bone tissue engineering. The fabrication of a fibrous PVA-HA/Sr matrix made of strontium (Sr)-substituted hydroxyapatite from the shell of Pomecea canaliculate L. (golden apple snail) is reported in this work. Since the fabrication of HAp from biogenic resources such as the shell of golden apple snail (GASs) should be conducted at very high temperature and results in high crystalline HAp, Sr substitution to Ca was applied to reduce crystallinity during HAp synthesis. The resulted HAp and HA/Sr nanoparticles were then combined with PVA to create fibrous PVA-HAp or PVA-HA/Sr matrices in 2 or 4 mol % Sr ions substitution by electrospinning. The nanofiber diameter increased gradually by the addition of HAp, HA/Sr 2 mol %, and HA/Sr 4 mol %, respectively, into PVA. The percentage of the swelling ratio increased and reached the maximum value in PVA-HA/Sr-4 mol %, as well as in its protein adsorption. Furthermore, the matrices with HAp or HA/Sr incorporation exhibited good bioactivity, increased cell viability and proliferation. Therefore, the fibrous matrices generated in this study are considered potential candidates for bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Further in vivo studies become an urgency to valorize these results into real clinical application.

Introduction Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ) is the material of choice for pulp therapy. However, Ca(OH) 2 has drawbacks such as toxicity, poor sealing, and tunnel defect formation. Alternative materials have been developed to provide more biocompatible materials with better dentin formation ability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of composites containing gelatin (G), chitosan (CH), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and Ca(OH) 2 , namely G-CH-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 (Extended data) on inflammation of the dental pulp (expression of COX-2, PGP 9.5, TNF-α, and neutrophil number). Materials and methods A total of 16 Wistar rat models of acute pulp injury were prepared and divided into two groups, treatment and control, 8 with each. In the treatment group, we applied a pulp-capping material using G-CH-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 and Ca(OH) 2 . On the 1 st and 3 rd days, rats were sacrificed. Tissue samples from 4 rats in each group were processed for histological preparation. COX-2, PGP 9.5, and TNF-α were observed using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and neutrophil numbers were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Image analysis of COX-2, PGP 9.5, and TNF-α expression was performed using ImageJ software. Results The results showed a decrease significantly in COX-2 expression while PGP 9.5 and TNF-α expression were significantly higher than those in the control group. Neutrophil numbers were lower in the treatment group than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion The G-CH-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 composite material may have potential as an exposed pulp medicament by reducing mediator of inflammation (COX-2 expression) and increasing the regeneration factor (TNF-α expression) and nerve (PGP 9.5 expression).

Introduction Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) is the material of choice for pulp therapy. However, Ca(OH) 2 has drawbacks such as toxicity, poor sealing, and tunnel defect formation. Alternative materials have been developed to provide more biocompatible materials with better dentin formation ability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of composites containing gelatin (G), chitosan (CH), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and Ca(OH) 2, namely G-CH-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 (Extended data) on inflammation of the dental pulp (expression of COX-2, PGP 9.5, TNF-α, and neutrophil number). Materials and methods A total of 16 Wistar rat models of acute pulp injury were prepared and divided into two groups, treatment and control, 8 with each. In the treatment group, we applied a pulp-capping material using G-CH-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 and Ca(OH) 2. On the 1 st and 3 rd days, rats were sacrificed. Tissue samples from 4 rats in each group were processed for histological preparation. COX-2, PGP 9.5, and TNF-α were observed using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and neutrophil numbers were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Image analysis of COX-2, PGP 9.5, and TNF-α expression was performed using ImageJ software. Results The results showed a decrease in COX-2 expression, but not significantly while PGP 9.5 and TNF-α expression were significantly higher than those in the control group. Neutrophil numbers were lower in the treatment group than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion The G-CH-TEOS-Ca (OH) 2 composite material may have potential as an exposed pulp medicament by reducing inflammation (COX-2 expression and number of neutrophils) and increasing the regeneration factor (TNF-α expression) and nerve (PGP 9.5 expression).

One of the major challenges in the development of scaffold for nerve regeneration is enhancing mechanical strength of the material to avoid the scaffold to rapidly degrade during regeneration process in nerve system. The aim of this study was to reveal the effect of freeze-thaw to the properties of gelatin-carbonated hydroxy apatite (CHA) membrane in two ratios 7 to 3 and 6 to 4 for gelatin to CHA respectively. Some variations of freeze-thaw cycles were applied for both ratios, which is referred for its biocompatibility in cells.The CHA was synthesized by wet precipitating method of calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid in gelatin solution at room temperature and open system. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and FTIR analysis was conducted to confirm the formation of type-B CHA in gelatin matrix. The resulted membrane was then subject for membrane characterization.It was known from the study that freeze-thaw treatment during membrane fabrication affects several properties of the membrane. Platelet loading capability decreased when freeze-thaw cycles increased. Meanwhile, the platelet was released more rapidly by freeze-thawed gelatin-CHA membrane compared to non-freeze-thawed one. The degradation percentage of the membrane decreased with the increasing freeze-thaw cycles, showing 4 hours slower degradation in the freeze-thawed membrane compared to the unfreeze-thawed one.Furthermore, it was observed that freeze-thaw improved the tensile strength of the membrane and the modulus elasticity increased simultaneously. Moreover, in general it was observed from this study that freeze-thaw treatment did not affect permeability of the membranes towards glucose transport.

The advancement of sustainable packaging technologies is crucial for environmental conservation and enhancing food shelf life. We advance sustainable packaging by developing cassava starch sheets functionalized with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via plasma-deposited 2-methyl-2-oxazoline thin film. This innovative method requires less precursors and generates no liquid waste, presenting a significant leap in eco-friendly packaging solutions. Uniquely, it deviates from traditional nanoparticle incorporation methods by emphasising surface functionalization over bulk integration, leveraging plasma polymerization for environmentally friendly and efficient AgNP immobilisation. This surface-centric approach offers distinct advantages in active packaging by enhancing the initial antimicrobial interaction at the packaging's surface. Surface morphology, characterised by SEM–EDX, and chemical composition, verified by XPS, indicated successful AgNP immobilisation after 5 and 25 h, albeit with some aggregation at prolonged immobilisation time. UV–Vis spectroscopy results confirmed the successful immobilisation of AgNPs and suggested enhanced light barrier properties of the treated sheets. AFM measurements revealed alterations in surface roughness post-treatment, correlating with changes in hydrophilicity and potentially impacting the moisture barrier properties of the packaging. The treated bioplastics showed improved mechanical properties, indicated by tensile strength and elongation at break. Antimicrobial testing revealed substantial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but not against fungi. All bioplastic samples demonstrated non-toxicity to fibroblast cells, irrespective of the treatments applied. This work paves the way for future developments targeted at improving the efficacy and scalability of plasma-nanoengineered bioplastics. Graphical Abstract

Due to inadequate drug tissue penetration and low blood supply to the bone, the systemic delivery of medications during infection and inflammation of bone tissues frequently fails to heal abnormalities or lesions in bone tissues. In the quest for local delivery of antibiotics to treat the infection and bone-grafting particles to stimulate bone growth and regeneration, a series of composite films containing gelatin (G), chitosan (CH), carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA), and various amounts of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) crosslinker were synthesized. The synthesis resulted in 4 (four) different composite films having a mass ratio of 0.3/0.3/0.5/x, where x  = 0, 1.87, 3.73, and 5.60 for G/CH/CHA, G/CH/CHA/TEOS(2), G/CH/CHA/TEOS(4), and G/CH/CHA/TEOS(6), respectively. The composite films were characterized using SEM for morphology, SAA for specific surface area and pore volume, and FTIR and XRD for functional groups and crystal phase, respectively. Furthermore, tensile strength, water absorption capacity, polymer matrix degradation, Ca 2+ release profile, drug loading capacity, drug unloading (release) profile, and drug release kinetics were determined to gain insights into the critical design parameters for preparing this drug carrier. A commercial film, Dentium™ (collagen-based), was included in the water absorption, drug loading capacity, drug release profile, and degradation tests. The biological performance of the film was evaluated from protein absorption and MC3T3I1 cell cytotoxicity. It was found that G/CH/CHA/TEOS(2) exhibited the lowest total pore volume, the highest tensile strength and protein absorption, similar water absorption and drug loading capacity, the lowest drug release rate, the lowest Ca 2+ release rate, the lowest degradation rate, and cytocompatibility when compared to the other synthesized composite films. According to empirical mathematical modeling, the Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models best described the drug unloading (release) process for G/CH/CHA and G/CH/CHA/TEOS films through a diffusion process. When Dentium™ was included in the tests, Dentium™ exhibited the lowest water absorption, the lowest drug loading capacity, the highest drug release rate, and the lowest film degradation rate compared to all studied films. Graphical abstract

Collagen (Col) is a naturally available material and is widely used in the tissue engineering and medical field owing to its high biocompatibility and malleability. Promising results on the use of Col were observed in the periodontal application and many attempts have been carried out to inculcate Col for gingival recession (GR). Col is found to be an excellent provisional bioscaffold for the current treatment in GR. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to scrutinize an overview of the reported Col effect focusing on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials in GR application. A comprehensive literature search was performed using EBSCOhost, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Medline & Ovid databases to identify the potential articles on particular topics. The search query was accomplished based on the Boolean operators involving keywords such as (1) collagen OR scaffold OR hybrid scaffold OR biomaterial AND (2) gingiva recession OR tissue regeneration OR dental tissue OR healing mechanism OR gingiva. Only articles published from 2015 onwards were selected for further analysis. This review includes the physicochemical properties of Col scaffold and the outcome for GR. The comprehensive literature search retrieved a total of 3077 articles using the appropriate keywords. However, on the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 15 articles were chosen for further review. The results from these articles indicated that Col promoted gingival tissue regeneration for GR healing. Therefore, this systematic review recapitulated that Col enhances regeneration of gingival tissue either through a slow or rapid process with no sign of cytotoxicity or adverse effect.

[4] the diffusion of supplemented ions (such as calcium, strontium, and magnesium) from dental restorative material GIC (Glass Ionomer Cement) has an important effect on permanent teeth dentin in vivo. Since GIC can release and replenish fluoride from its surrounding environment (such as tooth structure, saliva, and dental plaque fluid) and exchange strontium with calcium, GIC can be considered as a reservoir of hydroxyapatite constituents, such as fluoride, calcium, strontium, and phosphate [5-6]. Strontium is also found to be able to induce cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by activating extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK) involved in bone formation in osteoblasts [9] wherein Sr ions affect bone cell in vitro by bone resorption inhibition and bone formation promotion [10]. Strontium ions accumulated in the bone tissue by 99% and is located in the body in which Sr and Ca ions have similar charges to size ratio. [...]Sr ions could potentially substitute Ca ion in apatite [19]. According to the content of each research report, data for regenerative dental treatments are extracted (for examples implants, bone grafts, biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, biomechanical).