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Background: Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecological malignancy in both Europe and the USA. Approximately 3–5% of cases occur in women of reproductive age. Fertility-sparing treatment (FST) options are available, but very limited evidence regarding grade 2 (G2) ECs exists in the current literature. This systematic review aimed to comprehensively evaluate reproductive and oncologic outcomes among young women diagnosed with stage IA or G2EC disease who underwent FST. Methods: A comprehensive search of the literature was carried out on the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, The Cochrane Library (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Methodology Register), the Health Technology Assessment Database, and Web of Science. Only original studies that reported the oncologic and reproductive outcomes of patients with stage IA and G2EC tumors who underwent FST were considered eligible for inclusion in this systematic review (CRD42023484892). Studies describing only the FST for endometrial hyperplasia or G1 EC were excluded. Results: Twenty-two papers that met the abovementioned inclusion criteria were included in the present systematic review. Preliminary analysis suggested encouraging oncologic and reproductive outcomes after FST. Conclusions: The FST approach may represent a feasible and safe option for women of childbearing age diagnosed with G2EC. Despite these promising findings, cautious interpretation is warranted due to inherent limitations, including heterogeneity in study designs and potential biases. Further research with standardized methodologies and larger sample sizes is imperative for obtaining more robust conclusions.

Proteins are the second most essential macromolecules after nucleic acids. This article aimed at the comparative analysis of extraction methods and nutritional benefits of milk and dairy products. Proteins form the body mass and perform several crucial tasks that include acting as a catalyst and carrying out different metabolic reactions in the body. Furthermore, protein acts as a transporter, transmits nerve impulses, provides mechanical support or immune protection, and controls growth. Several sources of proteins are present, but milk holds an important place due to its biological activities. The considerable health benefits of milk and its products are due to proteins. Yoghurt and cheese have significant importance among milk products. Proteins of milk and its products can be extracted by pH adjustment through homogenisation, centrifugation, and deproteinisation. There are several techniques for identifying and quantifying milk and product proteins. The Kjeldahl and spectrophotometric methods are the most widely used methods for quantifying proteins in milk and its products. Furthermore, these techniques include electrophoresis and chromatographic methods, including native gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), urea-PAGE, capillary electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing. A few are chromatographic methods like reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), size exclusion chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. Each technique has its advantages as well as disadvantages. The selection of the process depends upon the type of protein. The extracted proteins from milk and its products have many health or therapeutic effects that exhibit antimicrobial, antiproliferative, antioxidant, antihypertensive, anticancer, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects. Yoghurt has prime importance among milk products because of its therapeutic effects and more protein.

ABSTRACT Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a chronic proliferating cancer of bone marrow presently treated with BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Within interacellular system, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in response to antioxidant (AOX) defense systems lead to oxidative stress (OS). Our study aimed at biochemical profiling of CML patients in response to imatinib or nilotinib therapeutic drugs. Fresh venous blood sample (10 mL) of 170 CML diagnosed patients and 10 healthy individuals was collected in heparin vial from oncology department, Mayo hospital and Jinnah hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Biochemical profiling of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP), advanced glycation end products (AGE's) and micronutrients (retinol, ascorbic acid, alpha tocopherol), complete blood count, liver profile, renal profile, lipid profile, serum electrolytes were evaluated in CML and control groups. Our study reported that no significant difference in biochemical profile among treated with Nilotinib or Imatinib tretated groups while in comparision to control group, a marked difference was observed. Antioxidant biomarkers i.e. MDA, SOD and CAT were augmented in control group as compared to CML treated groups. Decreased GSH level was reporetd in the CML group while increased in the nilotinib treated group compared to the Imatinib treated group. Other stress markers i.e. NO, AGEs and AOPP were also found to be high in level in control group compared to CML treated group. Micronutrient i.e. retinol, ascorbic acid, alpha tocopherol were increased in treated groups as compared to the control group. Our study concluded that oxidative stress that is responsible for the progression of CML is manageable with the use of chemotherapeutic drugs.

Object detection is a vital step in satellite imagery-based computer vision applications such as precision agriculture, urban planning and defense applications. In satellite imagery, object detection is a very complicated task due to various reasons including low pixel resolution of objects and detection of small objects in the large scale (a single satellite image taken by Digital Globe comprises over 240 million pixels) satellite images. Object detection in satellite images has many challenges such as class variations, multiple objects pose, high variance in object size, illumination and a dense background. This study aims to compare the performance of existing deep learning algorithms for object detection in satellite imagery. We created the dataset of satellite imagery to perform object detection using convolutional neural network-based frameworks such as faster RCNN (faster region-based convolutional neural network), YOLO (you only look once), SSD (single-shot detector) and SIMRDWN (satellite imagery multiscale rapid detection with windowed networks). In addition to that, we also performed an analysis of these approaches in terms of accuracy and speed using the developed dataset of satellite imagery. The results showed that SIMRDWN has an accuracy of 97% on high-resolution images, while Faster RCNN has an accuracy of 95.31% on the standard resolution (1000 × 600). YOLOv3 has an accuracy of 94.20% on standard resolution (416 × 416) while on the other hand SSD has an accuracy of 84.61% on standard resolution (300 × 300). When it comes to speed and efficiency, YOLO is the obvious leader. In real-time surveillance, SIMRDWN fails. When YOLO takes 170 to 190 milliseconds to perform a task, SIMRDWN takes 5 to 103 milliseconds.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically analyze the factors affecting Muslim consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for Halal food, products and operations by employing theory of reasoned action.Design/methodology/approachThis study has used quantitative research methodology and collected data from 350 questionnaires from a densely populated city of Pakistan. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.FindingsThe results show that the concerns about Halal, religiosity, perception of usefulness of Halal and product ingredients have a significant impact on WTP for Halal foods, while attitude has an insignificant impact on WTP. Moreover, the extent of demand for Halal certification is significantly affected by WTP.Originality/valueThe study highlighted the concerns of the Muslim consumers with respect to Halalness of the products and operations despite living in a Muslim country. It is recommended that the policy makers, food authorities and health institutions should conduct regular inspections of foods, products and producers’/manufacturers’ operations to ensure that all the procedures from manufacturing of the raw material till the finished goods follow Islamic principles to make them completely Halal.

Nanotechnology has emerged as a field with promising applications in building materials. Nanotechnology-based mortars are examples of such building materials that have widespread applications in the construction industry. The main nanomaterials used in mortars include nano-silica, nano-magnesium oxide, nano-alumina, nano-titanium oxide, nano-zinc oxide, nano-clay, and nano-carbon. This review paper presents a summary of the properties and effects of these nanomaterials on cement mortar in terms of its fresh-state and hard-state properties. The fresh-state properties include the setting time, consistency, and workability, while the hard-state properties include mechanical properties such as compressive, flexural, tensile strengths, as well as the elasticity modulus, in addition to durability properties such as water absorption, shrinkage strain, strength loss due to freeze–thaw cycles, and chloride penetration, among others. Different nanomaterials cause different physical and chemical alterations within the microstructures of cement mortar. Therefore, the microstructural characterization and densification of mortar are discussed in detail at varying temperatures. In general, the involvement of nanomaterials in cement mortar influences the fresh-state properties, enhances the mechanical properties, and impacts the durability properties, while reducing the porosity present in the mortar matrix. Cementitious nanomaterials can create a pathway for the easy injection of binding materials into the internal microstructures of a hydration gel to impact the hydration process at different rates, whereas their non-cementitious counterparts can act as fillers. Furthermore, the research gaps and future outlook regarding the application of nanomaterials in mortar are discussed.

Avian coccidiosis is caused by genus Eimeria (E.) i.e. E. maxima, E. necatrix, E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. brunette and E. mitis and lead to three billion US dollar per year economic loss in poultry industry and reduces the growth performance of birds. To purge undesirable foreign agents, immune system produces a variety of molecules and cells that ultimately neutralize target particles in healthy organisms. However; when this particular system compromises, infection develops and the load of pathogens along with their virulence factors overcome both; innate and adaptive immune systems. Livestock and poultry sectors are important part of agriculture industry worldwide. Due to excessive use of chemotherapeutic agents, pathogens have developed resistance against these agents leading to the great economic losses. Numerous therapeutic approaches are in routine process for the treatment and prevention of various ailments but irrational use of antibiotics/chemicals has raised alarming concerns, like the development of drug resistant strains, residual effects in ultimate users and environmental pollution. These problems have led to the development of alternatives. In this regard, anticoccidial vaccine can be used as an alternative but due to high cost of production, plant derived biological response modifiers and antioxidants compounds are considered as a promising alternative. This review summarizes the immunotherapeutic effects of different compounds particularly with reference to avian coccidiosis.

Cross sectional and observational. To evaluate the different aspects of lumbar disc degenerative disc disease and relate them with magnetic resonance image (MRI) findings and symptoms. Lumbar disc degenerative disease has now been proven as the most common cause of low back pain throughout the world. It may present as disc herniation, lumbar spinal stenosis, facet joint arthropathy or any combination. Presenting symptoms of lumbar disc degeneration are lower back pain and sciatica which may be aggravated by standing, walking, bending, straining and coughing. This study was conducted from January 2012 to June 2012. Study was conducted on the diagnosed patients of lumbar disc degeneration. Diagnostic criteria were based upon abnormal findings in MRI. Patients with prior back surgery, spine fractures, sacroiliac arthritis, metabolic bone disease, spinal infection, rheumatoid arthritis, active malignancy, and pregnancy were excluded. During the targeted months, 163 patients of lumbar disc degeneration with mean age of 43.92±11.76 years, came into Neurosurgery department. Disc degeneration was most commonly present at the level of L4/L5 105 (64.4%).Commonest types of disc degeneration were disc herniation 109 (66.9%) and lumbar spinal stenosis 37 (22.7%). Spondylolisthesis was commonly present at L5/S1 10 (6.1%) and associated mostly with lumbar spinal stenosis 7 (18.9%). Results reported the frequent occurrence of lumbar disc degenerative disease in advance age. Research efforts should endeavor to reduce risk factors and improve the quality of life.

Background: In the current era, innovation has become the basis for the success of all industries. In reality, fast innovation facilitated by rapidly changing technological discoveries is critical to global economic progress. Aim: The primary goal of this article is to examine the effect of knowledge exchange and development of supervisory support, trust, training, information technology, and industrial cluster resources on innovation capabilities in the dairy sector of Pakistan. Setting: From a total of 520 small and medium enterprise (SMEs) dairy farms, 227 owners and managers were carefully chosen to participate in the survey. Method: The current study’s research framework was based on the resources and diffusion of innovation perspective theories. The data were gathered from dairy farm owners and managers in Punjab, Pakistan. SmartPLS-SEM was used to examine the multivariate connection among the variables. Results: The current research finds that training and development, supervisory assistance, and industrial cluster resources strongly influence knowledge sharing. Furthermore, trust has a favourable influence on innovative capabilities. However, the mediation effect of knowledge sharing (KS) did not support information technology (IT) training and development (T&D) and innovative capabilities (IC). Conclusion: According to findings in the study, T&D as a form of learning connect employees through the sharing of new ideas, allowing the business to improve and the concept to be modified. This study found that supervisory assistance significantly impacts innovative capabilities and knowledge sharing.

The properties of cutting fluids play a critical role in lubricating and cooling in machining operations. This study describes the optimization of the cutting parameters (depth of cut, feed, and cutting speed) in a conventional lathe machine to reduce surface roughness of aluminum alloy 6061 by using a novel biodegradable oil as cutting fluid. The optimal cutting parameters for surface roughness in turning are determined by applying the Taguchi technique L-27 orthogonal array, and corresponding surface roughness is measured. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results explained that feed is the most influential factor on surface roughness with a contribution of 29.67%, followed by speed, 24.82%, and coolant ratio, 22.86%, while the depth of cut makes the lowest contribution of 16.83%. The surface roughness is found at its lower level at a blend ratio of MO/CO 80/20%, then linearly increases at MO/CO of 90/10%, and the highest surface roughness is obtained when 100/00% mineral-based cutting oil is used as a coolant. The decrease in surface roughness is ascribed to the superior lubricating and cooling capabilities of castor oil. The confirmatory experimental value of surface roughness at the optimal setting is 0.202 µm, confirming the parameters’ optimization at this configuration.