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Rogue waves are giant nonlinear waves that suddenly appear and disappear in oceans and optics. We discuss the facts and fictions related to their strange nature, dynamic generation, ingrained instability, and potential applications. We present rogue wave solutions to the standard cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation that models many propagation phenomena in nonlinear optics. We propose the method of mode pruning for suppressing the modulation instability of rogue waves. We demonstrate how to produce stable Talbot carpets—recurrent images of light and plasma waves—by rogue waves, for possible use in nanolithography. We point to instances when rogue waves appear as numerical artefacts, due to an inadequate numerical treatment of modulation instability and homoclinic chaos of rogue waves. Finally, we display how statistical analysis based on different numerical procedures can lead to misleading conclusions on the nature of rogue waves.

This article examines the factors that may lead previously radical and militant Islamist movements to de-radicalize, and in so doing alter their ideologies, strategies, and objectives. In particular it will focus on the process of de-radicalization of the Egyptian Islamic Group, a former ally of al-Qa'ida. It will conclude with a tentative framework explaining the causes behind de-radicalization as well as policy recommendations.

We investigate the generation of breathers, solitons, and rogue waves of the quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation (QNLSE) on uniform and elliptical backgrounds. The QNLSE is the general nonlinear Schrödinger equation that includes all terms up to the fifth-order dispersion. We use Darboux transformation to construct initial conditions for the dynamical generation of localized high-intensity optical waves. The condition for the breather-to-soliton conversion is provided with the analysis of soliton intensity profiles. We discover a new class of higher-order solutions in which Jacobi elliptic functions are set as background seed solutions of the QNLSE. We also introduce a method for generating a new class of rogue waves—the periodic rogue waves—based on the matching of the periodicity of higher-order breathers with the periodicity of the background dnoidal wave.

The demand on emergency departments (ED) is variable and ever increasing, often leaving them overcrowded. Many hospitals are utilizing triage algorithms to rapidly sort and classify patients based on the severity of their injury or illness, however, most current triage methods are prone to over- or under-triage. In this paper, the group technology (GT) concept is applied to the triage process to develop a dynamic grouping and prioritization (DGP) algorithm. This algorithm identifies most appropriate patient groups and prioritizes them according to patient- and system-related information. Discrete event simulation (DES) has been implemented to investigate the impact of the DGP algorithm on the performance measures of the ED system. The impact was studied in comparison with the currently used triage algorithm, i.e., emergency severity index (ESI). The DGP algorithm outperforms the ESI algorithm by shortening patients’ average length of stay (LOS), average time to bed (TTB), time in emergency room, and lowering the percentage of tardy patients and their associated risk in the system.

In this work, we analyze the multi-elliptic rogue wave clusters of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) in order to understand more thoroughly the origin and appearance of optical rogue waves in this system. Such structures are obtained on uniform backgrounds by using the Darboux transformation scheme for finding analytical solutions of the NLSE under various conditions. In particular, we solve the eigenvalue problem of the Lax pair of order n in which the first m evolution shifts are equal, nonzero, and eigenvalue dependent, while the imaginary parts of all eigenvalues tend to one. We show that an Akhmediev breather of order n - 2 m appears at the origin of the ( x ,  t ) plane and can be considered as the central rogue wave of the so-formed cluster. We show that the high-intensity narrow peak, with the characteristic intensity distribution in its vicinity, is enclosed by m ellipses consisting of the first-order Akhmediev breathers. The number of maxima on each ellipse is determined by its index and the solution order. Since rogue waves in nature usually appear on a wavy background, we utilize the modified Darboux transformation scheme to build such solutions on a Jacobi elliptic dnoidal background. We analyze the vertical semi-axis of all ellipses in a cluster as a function of an absolute evolution shift. We show that the cluster radial symmetry in the ( x ,  t ) plane is broken when the shift value is increased above a threshold. We apply the same analysis on the Hirota equation, to examine the influence of a real parameter and Hirota’s operator on the cluster appearance. The same analysis can be applied to the infinite hierarchy of extended NLSEs. The main outcomes of this paper are the new multi-rogue wave solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and its extended family on uniform and elliptic backgrounds.

Background Little is known about gender disparity among medical undergraduates in the developing world. Therefore, this study aims to explore the attitudes and perceived barriers among Jordanian medical students, particularly women. Methods An online, self-administered questionnaire, developed after an extensive literature review, was disseminated across all six Jordanian medical schools targeting more than 5000 medical students. Student t -test and ANOVA were used to document mean differences among different groups. Linear and logistic regression models were used to find predictors of publication and number of publications. Results A total of 636 students participated in the survey with a women to men ratio of 1.1. Women medical students report significantly higher knowledge ( t (634) = 2.47, p = 0.013), personal ( t (634) = 3.31, p = 0.001), and total barriers scores than men ( t (634) = 3.02, p = 0.003). Moreover, compared to men, women were less likely to find same-sex mentorship ( t (634) = 3.18, p = 0.001) or receive credited authorship ( t (634) = 2.12, p = 0.011). Overall, women medical students were more likely to perceive that their gender ( t (634) = 3.58, p < 0.001) and people’s perception of their gender ( t (634) = 4.25, p < 0.001) are barriers to their career advancement. Binary logistic regression demonstrated that gender is a significant predictor of being able to publish (OR: 1.645; 95%CI: 1.002–2.731), while linear regression demonstrated that gender is a predictor of number of publications (ß: 0.113; 95%CI: 0.063–0.288). Conclusion A significant gender disparity exists in terms of both attitudes and overall barriers among Jordanian medical undergraduates which calls for immediate policy changes as to produce successful clinicians and researchers.

We present analytical and numerical double-periodic solutions of the one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation and its extended versions in the form of Talbot carpets. The breathers and rogue waves of different orders are obtained using numerical simulations, starting from the initial conditions calculated by the Darboux transformation. To suppress undesirable aspects of modulation instability leading to homoclinic chaos, Fourier mode pruning procedures are invented to preserve and maintain the twofold periodicity of carpets. The novelty of this paper is analytical Talbot carpets for Hirota–quintic equation and ability to obtain them dynamically by controlling the growth of the Fourier modes. In addition, the new period-matching procedure is also described for periodic rogue waves that can be utilized to produce Talbot carpets without mode pruning. Tablot carpets may find future utility in optoplasmonic nanolithography.

We investigate the systematic generation of higher-order solitons and breathers of the Hirota equation on different backgrounds. The Darboux transformation is used to construct proper initial conditions for dynamical generation of high-intensity solitons and breathers of different orders on a uniform background. We provide expressions for the Lax pair generating functions and the procedure for calculating higher-order solutions when Jacobi elliptic functions are the background seed solutions of the Hirota equation. We confirm that the peak height of each soliton or breather in the nonlinear Darboux superposition adds linearly, to form the intensity maximum of the final solution.

Background Low bone quality, as well as narrow ridge width, presents a challenge for implant placement and affects implant stability. To date, the effectiveness of a specific technique to enhance implant stability in low-bone quality, along with ridge expansion, is not well established. This study aimed to evaluate implant stability in low-quality bone using osseodensification technique (OD) versus ridge expanders. Methods Twenty-two patients with one missing upper tooth and low-quality bone were recruited. The osteotomy site was prepared via either ridge expanders or the OD technique. The assessments included primary implant stability and secondary stability at 3 and 6 months, as well as bone width at different vertical levels (2, 4, and 8 mm), evaluated preoperatively, baseline (immediately postoperatively), at 3 and 6 months. Additionally, pain outcome (PO) was assessed. Results Intergroup comparisons of implant stability between interventions revealed no statistically significant differences at baseline or 3 months ( P  > 0.05), whereas there was a statistically significant difference at 6 months ( P  = 0.0268) in favour of the OD group. The PO revealed no statistically significant differences at baseline or after 1 week ( P  > 0.05). The ridge width between interventions showed statistically significant differences at baseline and after 3 and 6 months ( P  < 0.05) at 2, 4, and 8 mm in favour of the OD group. Conclusions Considering the significant preoperative difference in crestal ridge width and the short follow-up period, the OD technique appears to be effective in low-quality bone, improving implant stability and enabling the expansion of narrow ridges with minimal postoperative pain. Trial registration This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov on April 2nd, 2022, with the registration number NCT05330546.