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The invasion of the Western Hemisphere native fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda; J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) into the Eastern Hemisphere has been notable for the rapidity and geographical breadth of new detections. In the year following the first discovery in western sub-Saharan Africa in 2016, infestations have been documented in most sub-Saharan maize growing regions and has now expanded beyond Africa with populations recently reported in India. These observations could indicate a remarkable capacity for rapid establishment and long-distance dissemination. However, while fall armyworm does exhibit extended migration in North America where it annually traverses thousands of kilometers, this behavior is known to be dependent on highly favorable wind patterns and so can't be assumed to occur in all locations. An alternative possibility is that the species has long been present in Africa, and perhaps the rest of the hemisphere, but was undetected until the enhanced monitoring that resulted after its initial discovery. Determining whether the fall armyworm in the Eastern Hemisphere is newly arrived or long pre-existing is important for assessing the risks of significant economic impacts, as the former indicates a change in pest composition while the latter does not. This study examined this issue by comparing collections from two geographically distant locations, South Africa and India. Sequence comparisons were used to quantify differences between the South Africa and India collections, assess the likelihood of their sharing a common source population, and their possible relationship with previously characterized fall armyworm from other regions of Africa. The results indicate genetic homogeneity between the South African and Indian fall armyworm populations tested and substantial similarities between these and collections from eastern Africa. The implications of these findings on fall armyworm population behavior and composition are discussed.

In the recent gears applications such as personal health care are broadly made use by the diseased individuals for preserving and organizing their medical information over a private, secure and trustful computing. They make use of the service providers as third party environment for interchanging the medical records of the diseased individuals. The cloud computing permits effective management and circulation of private and personal medical related records which always faces challenges in terms of various safety associated characteristics like discovery and existence of vulnerable medical data by the illegal users. To provide safety and confidentiality it is mandatory to accomplish the data before contracting out and only the authorised users are allowed to make use of the data. Hiding the information of the users are important during gaining access to the data present over the network. Moreover for reducing the setbacks in safeguarding the key of the data containers the personal health records are classified into several associated fields. For wrapping the information of the user’s unsigned verification based on the element based encoding (EBE) is employed and fine grained data access control based on the advanced encryption scheme are tailored. The comprehension provides an advanced level of security and confidentiality for the personal health records. The scheme permits autonomous alterations of the admission policies or file entities along with the autonomous user cessation. Additional analyses and evaluations reveals that the designed scheme is effective in terms of safety and secrecy.

The fall armyworm (FAW; S podoptera frugiperda ) is one of the major agricultural pest insects. FAW is native to the Americas, and its invasion was first reported in West Africa in 2016. Then it quickly spread through Africa, Asia, and Oceania, becoming one of the main threats to corn production. We analyzed whole genome sequences of 177 FAW individuals from 12 locations on four continents to infer evolutionary processes of invasion. Principal component analysis from the TPI gene and whole genome sequences shows that invasive FAW populations originated from the corn strain. Ancestry coefficient and phylogenetic analyses from the nuclear genome indicate that invasive populations are derived from a single ancestry, distinct from native populations, while the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree supports the hypothesis of multiple introductions. Adaptive evolution specific to invasive populations was observed in detoxification, chemosensory, and digestion genes. We concluded that extant invasive FAW populations originated from the corn strain with potential contributions of adaptive evolution.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a set of mobile nodes that communicate via wireless networks while moving from one place to another. Numerous studies have been done on increasing reliable between routing nodes, trust management, the use of cryptographic systems, and centralized routing decisions and so on. However, the majority of routing methods are challenging to execute in real-world scenarios, because it is challenging to determine the malicious behaviors of routing nodes. There is still no reliable method to prevent malicious node attacks. Due to these networks' dynamic and decentralized character, packet routing in MANET is difficult. To overcome this problem, this manuscript proposes a Dropout Ensemble Extreme Learning Neural Network (DrpEnXLNN) optimized with Metaheuristic Anopheles Search routing algorithm(MASA) based Token fostered Block chain Technology for trusted distributed optimal routing in Mobile adhoc networks. The aim of this work is to provide the most efficient method for data transmission and generates tokens for packet stream admittance with a secret key that goes to each routing mobile node. Subsequently, the trusted routing information is distributed by proposed block chain(BC) based mobile ad hoc network utilizing DrpEnXLNN optimized with MASA. The proposed technique is simulated in NS-2(Network Simulator) tool. The performance metrics, such as average delay, average latency, average energy consume, throughput of block chain token transactions are evaluated. Finally, the proposed TDRP-MASA-DrpEnXLNN-BCMANET method attains 22% and 14% less delay during 25% spiteful routing environment, 15% and 8% less delay during 50% spiteful routing environment when analyzed to the existing models.

Aim: This investigation aimed for embryonic G0 microinjection of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex (sg360+Cas9) for restriction of white melanin synthesising gene in Bactrocera dorsalis followed byphenotypic and molecular confirmation and 2D and 3D protein structure comparison of wild Vs CRISPR white mutant. Methodology: White gene responsible for melanin pigmentation was cloned followed by synthesis and in vitro restriction analysis of designed sgRNA (sg360). Microinjection was targeted in G0 embryosfollowed by phenotypic characterisation and molecular validation. Comparative analysis of amino acid sequences, 2D and 3D structure of wild Vs CRISPR white mutant was done using ClustalW and Phyre2 respectively. Results: Microinjected RNP complex restricted white gene leading to generation of white eyed mutants. Amino acid alignments showed significant frame shift (valine substituted for tryptophan) and introduction of stop codons in the mutant hindering white protein production. Predicted 2D protein structure showed more α-helix in the mutant (72%) compared to the wild (22%). Similarly, β-sheets were nullified and major deletions in the3D protein structure were observedin mutant. Interpretation: The study validated variation in amino acids alignments and 2D and 3D protein structure and conformation, leading to production of non-functional white protein in B. dorsalis. Key words: Bactrocera dorsalis, CRISPR/Cas9, Microinjection, White protein

Since computer vision has been a very emerging and happening approach in image categorization, this article describes how chest X-ray images of diverse infected and normal samples were classified using convolution neural networks, mostly under the following five categories: normal or no lung infection, COVID-19, SARS, ARDS and other pneumonia infections such as viral pneumonia, cavitating pneumonia, streptococcus pneumonia, legionella pneumonia and pneumocystis pneumonia. The proposed approach accepts the X-ray image inputs and diagnoses the lung infection under the aforementioned five categories of major pneumonia infections. Pre-trained models like VGG19, Resnet-50, and NasNetMobile are applied to the diagnosis of chest X-ray images, and their performance is compared against a newly proposed convolutional neural network called the COVNET 2020, since the network is inspired to identify the COVID-19 chest X-ray images. Transfer learning with pre-rained neural networks on massive image databases like “imagenet” has become de facto for medical image diagnosis.

Stiffened panels are used to reduce the displacement by loading. This study deals with the numerical simulation of stiffened panels in which the stiffeners are integrated to the panel. The panel is subjected to compressive load along the stiffener axis. This induces buckling stress in the structure. In this study, a Tee shaped stiffener is used for analysis. The focus of the study is to investigate the deformation as well as structural integrity of an integrated stiffened panel by performing buckling analysis and all the comparisons are made with conventional stiffened panel using ANSYS software. The simulation reveals that the integrated stiffened panel gives an improved performance than the conventional design. The integrated stiffened panel shows around 1.2% higher strain rate, stress capacity higher by nearly 4.864% and around 20.25% deformation resistance variation compared to the conventional panel. Therefore, the integrated stiffened panel is found to be an acceptable alternative to the conventional stiffened panel design.

The South American tomato moth, Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick), is one of the key pests of tomato in India. Since its report in 2014, chemical control has been the main means of tackling this pest, both in the open field and protected cultivation. Despite regular insecticidal sprays, many outbreaks were reported from major tomato-growing regions of South India during 2019–2020. A study was conducted to investigate the effect of insecticide resistance on biology, biochemical enzymes, and gene expression in various P. absoluta field populations viz., Bangalore, Kolar, Madurai, Salem, and Anantapur to commonly used insecticides such as flubendiamide, cyantraniliprole, and indoxacarb. Increased levels of insecticide resistance ratios (RR) were recorded in P. absoluta populations of different locations. A significant increase in cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP/MFO) and esterase levels was noticed in the resistant population compared to susceptible one. Through molecular studies, we identified four new CYP genes viz., CYP248f (flubendiamide), CYP272c, CYP724c (cyantraniliprole), and CYP648i (indoxacarb). The expression levels of these genes significantly increased as the folds of resistance increased from G1 to G20 (generation), indicating involvement of the identified genes in insecticide resistance development in P. absoluta. In addition, the resistant populations showed decreased fecundity, increased larval development period, and adult longevity, resulting in more crop damage. The information generated in the present study thus helps in understanding the development of insecticide resistance by P. absoluta and suggests the farmers and researchers to use insecticides wisely by adopting insecticide resistance management as a strategy under integrated pest management.

With advancement in manufacturing processes like 3D printing, it is easy to manufacture the components. This study focuses on the numerical simulation of an aircraft wing and spar as an integral component. The study examines the buckling behaviour of the integrated wing spar, a critical load carrying member in the wing. The spar is connected to the wing so that the buckling analysis can be performed on the wing as well. CATIA software is used to design the integrated wing spar model as well as the conventional wing spar model, and ANSYS software is used to perform FEA analysis for both the wing spars. Under different loading circumstances, the structural performance of both the wing spars is compared. Buckling occurs in both the spars. But the stress acting on the conventional spar is 280MPa whereas, the stress acting the integrated wing spar is 348MPa which is comparatively higher by 13.5%. Based on the buckling stress, strain, weight savings and cost, the results reveal that the integrated wing spar design is better than the conventional wing spar design.