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The impacts of oregano essential oil and sodium butyrate on the growth performance, hematological, biochemical, immunological, antioxidative, and gene expression profiles of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) fingerlings were examined in this study. One hundred eighty healthy fingerlings (16.00 ± 2.00 g) were acclimated and accidentally divided into three groups, each further split into three replicates. The groups were fed a basal diet (control) or diets supplemented with 0.5% and 1% oregano essential oil and sodium butyrate for eight weeks (The feed additives were administered continuously throughout an 8-week trial period, simulating a practical feeding strategy that would be feasible during high-risk periods (e.g., post-handling stress, seasonal disease outbreaks). Fish fed the supplemented diets demonstrated significantly greater growth performance, with the oregano 1% + sodium butyrate 1% group achieving the highest final body weight (36.91 ± 0.66 g) and lowest feed conversion ratio (1.32 ± 0.04). Hematological indices, including RBC count, Hb, and PCV, were substantially improved. Biochemical analysis revealed reduced ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine levels alongside elevated total protein and globulin concentrations in treated groups. Immunological and antioxidative parameters, such as WBC count, phagocytic activity, SOD, and GPX, showed significant enhancements, particularly in the oregano 1% + sodium butyrate 1% group. Gene expression analysis exposed upregulation of immune-related (TNF-α, IL-1β) and antioxidative (SOD, GPX) genes in supplemented groups, highlighting their role in enhancing health and stress responses. Post Aeromonas hydrophila infection, the supplemented groups exhibited improved immunity, antioxidative status, and survival. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil and sodium butyrate, particularly at 1% inclusion, effectively enhances growth, health status, immunity, and gene expression in Nile tilapia.

In recent decades, probiotics have become an acceptable aquaculture strategy for shrimp growth promotion and immune modulation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Bacillus velezensis on Litopenaeus vannamei following a 60-day trial. L. vannamei (3 ± 0.4 g) were distributed into four groups with three replicates per group and fed an isonitrogenous diet supplemented with B. velezensis at 0, 1 × 10 7 , 1 × 10 8 , and 1 × 10 9 CFU/g, which were defined as the control, G1, G2, and G3 groups, respectively. B. velezensis significantly improved the growth, survival rate, and proximate body composition of L. vannamei ( P  < 0.05). All groups fed the B. velezensis diet showed significant increases in digestive enzymes (lipase, amylase, and protease), superoxide dismutase (SOD; G3), catalase (CAT; G3, G2, and G1), lysozyme activity (G3 and G2), immunoglobulin M (IgM), bactericidal activity BA%, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) compared with the control group ( P  < 0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA), triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly decreased in all groups fed B. velezensis diet compared with the control group ( P  < 0.05). The expression levels of SOD (G3) , LZM , and serine proteinase genes were significantly higher in L. vannamei fed diets containing B. velezensis than in the control group ( P  < 0.05). This is the first study to address the effects of B. velezensis on the expression of the LZM and serine proteinase genes in L. vannamei. L. vannamei fed diet containing B. velezensis had more B and R cells in its hepatopancreas than did the control group. In conclusion, B. velezensis is a promising probiotic that can be safely added to the diet of L. vannamei with 1 × 10 9  CFU/g. Its application had a positive influence on the health status, survival rate, nutritional value, and immunity of L. vannamei .

Helicobacter pylori can infect most people worldwide to cause hazardous consequences to health; the bacteria could not easily be controlled or disinfected. Toward exploring of innovative biocidal nanoformulations to control H. pylori , broccoli seeds ( Brassica oleracea var. italica ) mucilage (MBS) was employed for biosynthesizing selenium nanoparticles (MBS/SeNPs), which was intermingled with chitosan nanoparticles (NCT) to generate bioactive nanocomposites for suppressing H. pylori . The MBS could effectually generate and stabilize SeNPs with 13.61 nm mean diameter, where NCT had 338.52 nm mean diameter and positively charged (+ 39.62 mV). The cross-linkages between NCT-MBS-SeNPs were verified via infrared analysis and the nanocomposites from NCT:MBS/SeNPs at 1:2 (T1), 1:1 (T2) and 2:1 (T3) ratios had mean diameters of 204, 132 and 159 nm, respectively. The entire nanomaterials/composites exhibited potent anti- H. pylori activities using various assaying methods; the T2 nanocomposite was the utmost bactericidal agent with 0.08–0.10 mg/L minimal concentration and 25.9–27.3 mm inhibition zones. The scanning microscopy displayed the ability of nanocomposite to attach the bacterial cells, disrupt their membranes, and completely lyse them within 10 h. The NCT/MBS/SeNPs nanocomposites provided effectual innovative approach to control H. pylori .

The danger posed by waterborne toxicity from herbicides endangers the aquatic ecosystem. Using dietary medicinal herbs is a useful approach to mitigate the effects of herbicide toxicity on aquatic animals. This study attempts to examine the consequences and potential mechanisms behind the dietary addition of horseradish tree ( Moringa oleifera ) leaf extract (MOLE) with the help of phytase addition to check the overall growth performance, biochemical changes, histological alteration, and gene expression in normal and after glyphosate challenge in Nile tilapia. A total number of 135 Nile tilapia fish (7.93 0.03 g) were randomly assigned into three groups each in triplicate. The first group is the control group and fed basal diet; the second group supplied with MOLE (200 mg of extract/kg), and the third group was supplied with MOLE (200 mg /kg), and phytase (0.2g/ kg) for 8 weeks. After the feeding trial, each experimental group was divided into two subgroups to be unchallenged and challenged with glyphosate (30 mg/L of water). The results declared significant enhancements ( P  < 0.05) in Weight Gain Percent (WG%), Specific growth rate (SGR), and Protein efficiency ratio (PER) and reducing feed conversion ratio (FCR) with up-regulating hepatic gh, igf1 ,myogenine, intestinal ghrelin and NPY in fish groups fed MOLE and phytase compared with the control group. Moreover, improving the hepatic antioxidant capacity while down-regulating hepatic igf1bp , myostatin. Interstingly, MOLE and phytase lightened glyphosate-induced biochemical alterations, antioxidants, apoptosis, and inflammation-associated genes compared to the glyphosate-challenged group. Interestingly, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis recognized 16 compounds encompasing two glucosinolates, three flavonoids, one phenolic and three alkaloids in addition to four fatty acids, a terpenoid, one phytate and an aromatic glycoside. These components might be accountable for the potential effects exerted by MOLE. Therefore, the current study suggests that dietary supplementation to MOLE and phytase can be used as substitute feed supplements in sustainable farming of Nile tilapia to defend against glyphosate challenges and enhance growth, antioxidant capacity, exerting anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects under normal health conditions or post glyphosate challenge.

Zearalenone (ZEA) contamination in aquafeeds poses a significant risk to the health and productivity of aquatic organisms, necessitating strategies to mitigate its toxic effects. The present study investigated the toxicological effects of dietary ZEA and evaluated the ameliorative potential of sodium metasilicate supplementation in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ; weight =19.98 ± 0.19 g) during a 75-day feeding trial. Four experimental diets were formulated: a control diet without additives (D1), a diet supplemented with ZEA at 1 mg/kg (D2), a diet containing sodium metasilicate at 0.5 g/kg (D3), and a combined diet with both ZEA and sodium metasilicate (D4). The results indicated that exposure to ZEA (D2) significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced growth performance and feed utilization efficiency, increased hepatic enzyme activities (ALT and AST), reduced total protein and globulin levels, and disrupted lipid metabolism. ZEA markedly ( P < 0.05) suppressed serum immunoglobulin M (IgM), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), while increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. ZEA significantly ( P < 0.05) downregulated hepatic expression of genes associated with growth ( GHR , IGF ), antioxidant defense ( GPx , CAT ), and immune function ( LYZ , C3 ). In contrast, silicate supplementation (D3) improved growth indices, enhanced antioxidant and immune responses, and upregulated the aforementioned genes. The combined treatment group (D4) exhibited partial mitigation of ZEA-induced effects. These findings suggest that sodium metasilicate supplementation effectively counteracts ZEA-induced physiological, biochemical, and molecular impairments in Nile tilapia, thereby enhancing fish health and performance. This study highlights the potential of sodium metasilicate as a dietary detoxifying agent to safeguard aquaculture species against the adverse effects of feed-borne mycotoxins such as ZEA. Future studies should optimize silicate dosage, test its efficacy across mycotoxins and species, verify mechanisms through transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, and specifically address ZEA’s reproductive effects to determine whether sodium metasilicate supplementation can also protect endocrine function.

This study describes the preparation, physicochemical characterization, controlled release, and bioavailability of chitosan nanoparticles (CTSNPs) loaded with salvianolic acid B (SlB) and tanshinone IIA (TnA). It also aimed to assess their antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogen. SlB and TnA were loaded on CTSNPs with ionic gelation method. They were then in vitro characterized via infrared and electron microscopy. SlB/TnA/CTSNPs showed excellent colloidal properties (size 129.3 nm and zeta-potential + 31.8 mV); the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of SlB/CTSNPs and TnA/CTSNPs was 51.43 and 88.36%, respectively. The loading capacity (LC) of SlB/CTSNPs and TnA/CTSNPs was 7.85 and 12.61%, respectively. SlB and Tan II were released in vitro from SlB/TnA/CTSNPs for over 45 h, demonstrating that these NPs are effective at regulating the release of SlB and TnA. SlB/TnA/CTSNPs outperformed chitosan, SlB, and TnA alone in terms of bactericidal efficacy against foodborne pathogens ( Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella Typhimurium). S. aureus was more susceptible than S. Typhimurium. After only 10 h of exposure, the scanning microscopic pictures of bacteria treated with SlB/TnA/CTSNPs revealed that cells had completely exploded or lysed. In terms of health and food safety, these eco-friendly nanosystems could be a desirable substitute for synthetic preservatives.