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This research aimed to determine the impact of the mechanical densifying process of wood material on the varnish surface adhesion strength. Specimens from black pine (Pinus nigra) and Uludag fir (Abies bornmuelleriana Mattf.) were subjected to densification in a hydraulic press at 140 °C to the extent of 25% and 50% in the radial direction. While densification increased the surface adhesion strength of the varnish layer in black pine, the value decreased in fir. Regarding the interaction between densification ratio, surface treatment, and wood type, the highest surface adhesion strength of the varnish layer was found in black pine + unsanded surface + 25% densification, and the lowest was in Uludag fir + unsanded surface + 50% densification. It can be stated that the densification process creates high adhesion values for the polyurethane varnish in the black pine wood type. The sanding process has an intensifying effect on these values, and the products that were obtained from the polyurethane varnished samples do not require sanding. Considering these situations can provide significant advantages in projects with wood materials subjected to the densification process.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of modifying some varnishes used in wood materials with different nanomaterials on the antimicrobial properties of wood surfaces. For this purpose, samples prepared from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), and sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) were varnished with water-based and synthetic varnish with 0.1% and 0.3% nano boron and nano silver added according to ASTM D3023 (2017). Four different microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis) were used to determine the antimicrobial effect on wood surfaces. Among the microorganisms, the highest growth was found in S. aureus and the lowest growth was found in S. epidermidis. In terms of antimicrobial activity, the lowest growth was found in samples with 0.1% nano boron synthetic varnish and highest growth was found in 0.1% water-based varnish. As a result, it is thought that the use of nano materials together with varnishes applied to the surface of wood materials in areas where antimicrobial properties are desired will be beneficial for human and environmental health.

This study was performed to determine the effects of the densification process and glue type in wood material on dowel tensile performance. For this purpose, 8 mm and 10 mm diameter dowels were obtained from black poplar (Populus nigra) and Eastern spruce (Picea orientalis L.), which were densified at 50% and 75% ratios. The dowels were bonded with PVAc and D-VTKA glue separately after drilling 18 mm deep holes in the edge of the melamine-coated particleboard. The tensile performance test was determined with the Universal test device according to TS 2475 and ASTM-D 1035 principles. As a result, Eastern spruce wood had the highest tensile performance (kg/cm2), and poplar wood had the lowest (173.66). For the dowel diameter parameter, the highest value (195.11) was found at 8 mm in diameter and the lowest value (161.05) was found at 10 mm in diameter. In terms of glue type, the highest value (185.92) was seen at PVAc while the lowest value (170.24) was seen at D-VTKA. And for the densification ratios, the highest value (191.4) was determined at 75%, while the lowest value was found in control samples at (167.4). According to the wood species, densification ratio, dowel diameter and glue type interaction, the highest value was determined at Es + d75% + 10mm + PVAc as (303.5) and the lowest value was found at P + d50% + 10mm + Dv as (110).As a result, where the dowel's high tensile performance is sought, using a 10 mm diameter dowel made from 75% densified spruce wood with PVAc glue may be advantageous.

This study aims to determine the impacts of dovetail angle for dovetail joints on the diagonal compression strength of box-type furniture corner joints prepared in different woods, with different dovetail angles, and with different adhesives. For this reason, after drilling joints of 75°, 78°, 81°, 84°, and 87° on Oriental beech, European oak, Scotch pine, and medium-density fiberboard (MDF) samples, a diagonal compression test was applied on corners glued with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and polyurethane (Desmodur-vinyl trieketonol acetate [D-VTKA]) according to the ASTM D1037 standard. The highest result for dovetail diagonal compression strength was observed in the samples of Oriental beech (0.321 N mm −2 ), while the lowest was found in the samples of MDF (0.154 N mm −2 ) for wood types. With respect to adhesives, D-VTKA yielded the best results (0.268 N mm −2 ), while PVAc gave the worst results (0.252 N mm −2 ). Regarding angle types, the best result was obtained from the samples at 84° (0.302 N mm −2 ) and the worst from the samples at 75° (0.207 N mm −2 ) for dovetail joints. For the interaction of wood type, adhesive, and dovetail angle, the highest diagonal compression strength was found in the samples of Oriental beech + 81° + D-VTKA (0.445 N mm −2 ), while the lowest value was observed in MDF + 78° + D-VTKA (0.128 N mm −2 ). In conclusion, the angles and adhesives have significant effects on the corner joints of box-type furniture.

The present study investigated the effect of various types of impregnating and surface treatment materials on the fire resistance of wood material indoors and outdoors. Wood samples ( Cedrus libani A. Rich.) were impregnated with Wolmanit-CB or Tanalith-E according to ASTM D1413‐76 (American Society for Testing and Materials 1976). The impregnated surface was treated with either synthetic or water-based outdoor varnish materials. The impregnated and varnished samples were left in outdoor conditions for 1 year. The combustion characteristics of the samples were investigated at the end of 1 year according to the combustion parameters detailed in the ASTM E160‐50 (1975) combustion test. The results of this study indicated that the combustion parameters were lower in the 1-year-old samples (89.12% of control values), in the samples impregnated using Wolmanit-CB (89.18% of control values), and in samples treated using water-based varnish (88.43% of control values). The analysis of flue gas indicated that the O 2 content of the 1-year-old samples impregnated with Wolmanit-CB and treated with synthetic varnish was higher, whereas the CO content was lower. In conclusion, impregnated Wolmanit-CB specimens provide higher fire resistance.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to determine the impacts of impregnation with Imersol Aqua to red colour tone (RCT) of some softwood materials and varnishes.Design methodology approach - For this purpose, test samples prepared from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky), Oriental spruce (Picea orientalis Link) and Uluda fir (Abies Bornmülleriana Mattf.), which met the requirements of ASTM D 358, were impregnated with Imersol Aqua by short-term, medium-term and long-term immersion techniques in accordance with ASTM D 1413 and producer's definition. After impregnation, surfaces were coated by synthetic, acrylic, water-based and polyurathane varnishes in accordance with ASTM D 3023 standards. RCT values of samples after varnishing process were determined in accordance with ASTM D 2244.Findings - It was found that RCT was the highest in Scots pine, long-term dipping and synthetic varnish, and the lowest in Uluda fir, short-term dipping and water-borne varnish. Considering the interaction of wood type, period of impregnation and type of varnish, RCT was the highest in pine, short term of dipping and acrylic varnish and the lowest in Oriental spruce, short term of dipping and synthetic varnish. So, impregnation process, impregnation period and varnishes applied during tests showed increasing impact for RCT value of Scots pine, Oriental spruce and Uluda fir woods. This result must be taken into care in manufacture of wooden furniture and construction elements where RCT is important.Research limitations implications - The endurance of the protective coating (such as varnish) to external effects is limited and the lifetime of the coating is determined by the type and the severity of the effects to which it is exposed.Practical implications - The impact of varnish type, wood material type and impregnation chemical on RCT can determine the usefulness of the massive wood materials where RCT values are important.Originality value - It is conjectured that especially for the manufacturers and consumers in the furniture, construction and decoration sector, the data obtained in this study will contribute to the making up of the deficiencies in the understanding of the subject.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to determine the effect of Imersol Aqua impregnation of Scotch pine, Oriental spruce, and Uluda fir on the surface adhesion strength of various types of varnishes. The finding obtained would benefit the manufacturers of building materials and furniture, where the surface adhesion strength of water-based varnishes is a concern.Design methodology approach - For this purpose, test samples were prepared from Scotch pine, Oriental spruce, and Uluda fir woods that met the requirements of ASTM D 358. The samples were impregnated with Imersol Aqua using short-, medium-, and long-term immersion techniques according to ASTM D 1413 and the manufacturer's instructions. After impregnation, surfaces were coated with synthetic, acrylic, polyurethane, and water-based varnishes in accordance with ASTM D 3023 standards. After the varnishing process, the adhesion strength of the samples was determined in accordance with ASTM D 4541.Findings - It was also found that among the wood samples, the adhesion strength was highest in Scotch pine and lowest in Uluda fir. The synthetic varnish produced the highest adhesion strength, whereas polyurethane and acrylic varnishes had the lowest adhesion strength. The adhesion strength was highest after medium-term immersion and lowest after long-term dipping. The highest adhesion strength (4.299 MPa) was produced by a combination of Scotch pine, medium-duration immersion, and the use of a wood-based varnish. The lowest adhesion strength (2.090 MPa) resulted from the combination of Uluda fir, long-term immersion, and a water-based varnish.Research limitations implications - Impregnating woods using materials with appropriate water repellent, biotic, and abiotic effects before the application of varnishes and paints is important for long-term protection against photochemical degradation, dimensional changes, biological factors, and fire.Practical implications - The effect of a varnish on surface adhesion strength can determine the usefulness of the varnish.Originality value - Improving surface adhesion of some varnishes via medium-term impregnation with Imersol Aqua impregnation should be used on Scotch pine, Oriental spruce, and Uluda fir woods which could be used in the manufacturing of building materials and furniture, where the surface adhesion strength of water-based varnishes is a concern.

The impacts of impregnation and bleaching on the varnish layer hardness of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalist L.) wood were investigated. A number of bleaching combinations [NaOH−H2O2], [NaOH−Ca(OH)2−H2O2], [NaOH−MgSO4−H2O2] [NaHSO3−H2C2O4], [NaSiO3−H2O2], [KMnO4+NaHSO3+H2O3] were applied at 18% concentration for bleaching to both impregnated and unimpregnated specimens of Oriental beech wood. Subsequently, water-based (WB) varnish was coated over the samples and the varnish layer hardness values were determined in accordance with ASTM D 4366-95.All of the chemicals used for bleaching reduced the surface hardness. However, after varnish coating, the hardness of most samples was similar to that of the varnish-coated natural (control) samples.

This study aimed to investigate the predictive capacity of knee isokinetic strength parameters on cardiorespiratory responses during aerobic capacity test (ACT). It provides novel insights into the interplay between muscular strength and cardiorespiratory function through comparative analyses of loaded and unloaded ACT protocols in elite athletes. Thirty elite modern pentathlon athletes (age: 21.43 ± 0.77 years) underwent isokinetic knee strength assessments at angular velocities of 60°/s and 240°/s. Cardiorespiratory parameters—average breath volume (ABV), average breath frequency (ABF), auxiliary oxygen density (AOD), and heart rate (HR)—were recorded during the Bruce Protocol conducted under two conditions: unloaded and with a 10 kg loaded vest. Relationships between isokinetic strength metrics and cardiorespiratory parameters were analyzed using linear regression models. There were no significant differences in ABV, ABF, or AOD between loaded and unloaded ACT conditions ( p  > .05). However, HR was significantly lower during loaded ACT ( p  < .05). Linear regression revealed that at 60°/s, several knee strength parameters, including peak torque extension (PT-EXT), peak torque flexion (PT-FLX), total work flexion (TW-FLX), average power flexion (AP-FLX), and agonist strength (AGANT), significantly predicted ABV during loaded ACT (R 2 = 0.804, p  = .004). A similar pattern was observed at 240°/s, where comparable predictors explained a significant variance in ABV (R 2 = 0.761, p  = .012). No significant predictive relationships were identified during unloaded ACT. Isokinetic knee strength parameters significantly predict cardiorespiratory responses during loaded ACT but not during unloaded protocols. These findings suggest that isokinetic strength assessments may be a valuable tool for optimizing ACT prescription and monitoring training adaptations in elite athletes.

Introduction While surgery remains an important part of the multimodal treatment of gastric cancer, laparoscopy is increasingly being used in these procedures. The aim of our study is to compare open and laparoscopic total gastrectomy using the concept of ‘textbook outcome’, which has become popular as an important and comprehensive tool in evaluating the quality of surgical treatment. Methods Gastric cancer patients underwent total gastrectomy with curative intent between July 2018 and January 2024 in a single center were included in this retrospective study. Exclusion criteria were emergency surgery, recurrent or metastatic disease, conversion to open, robotic gastrectomy. Patients divided to two groups as open and laparoscopic groups and compared in terms of demographic data, tumor characteristics, operative data and textbook outcome. Results A total of 94 patients were enrolled in the study, while the majority of whom were male (73.4%, n  = 69). Laparoscopic surgery was found longer but there was no significant difference in the incidence of anastomotic leak and other postoperative complications between the two groups. The textbook outcome rate was 50.8% in the open group while 51.5% in the laparoscopic total gastrectomy group ( p  = 0.949). The most significant variables associated with the inability to achieve the textbook outcome were readmissions, reinterventions and postoperative complications. Conclusion Achievement of textbook outcomes was found to be similar between the open and laparoscopic groups. Laparoscopic total gastrectomy can be safely preferred taking into account patient status, surgeon expertise and center conditions.