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Leaks cause significant operational problems in water distribution systems (WDSs). The methods for managing leaks are time-consuming and costly. Therefore, the suitability and applicability of water loss management (WLM) methods should be analyzed. In this study, a new comprehensive framework was proposed using the scoring table to evaluate and highlight the reliability of data and to analyze the current application level of leakage management practices in WDSs. The developed framework consists of 60 sub-components determined to cover the WLM practices. A scoring structure was created to analyze these sub-components in measurable criteria. The developed framework was applied to three pilot administrations, and the results were discussed. The data quality (quite good, good, doubtful, poor, and quite poor) is classified according to the application level of the leakage management practices. The data quality of leakage management components and the application levels of practices are at good level in Administrations I and II and at moderate level in Administration III. The weaknesses and strengths in administrations were defined in the scope of leakage management, and the components that need improvement are determined dynamically. This framework will provide more accurate data for sustainable leakage management in the administration and make field applications more systematic.

The paper aims to investigate the geological structure of the Gulf of Saros and Gelibolu peninsula by using airborne magnetic data. To this end, derivative methods such as the second vertical derivative and tilt method have been applied to these data and created the anomaly maps. By a closer look at these maps, it is observed that there is an intense linear magnetic anomaly parallel to the shoreline of the Çanakkale Strait. This intense anomaly can be correlated with the Ganos Strike-slip Fault observed in the north-western part of the active tectonic map of Türkiye. In addition, the depth estimations utilizing the half-width method for simple geometric bodies suggest a deep source in the southwestern profile and a shallow source in the northeastern profile. As a result, it can be deduced that the magmatic material arising from the magma fills inside the strike-slip fault causing this magnetic anomaly. Such sources with deep roots could be prospective for geothermal energy as well as hydrocarbon maturation.

A sustainable urban water cycle is critical in terms of effective water network management, efficient use of water resources, protection of the environment and human health, and reuse of treated water. The objective of this study is to develop a novel assessment framework that evaluates the data quality of components and current implementation levels of wastewater management (WWM) practices, calculates performance indicators according to the data quality of the components, and proposes the most appropriate improvement methods according to the current status of the components. This assessment framework consists of five matrices, namely the current situation analysis and management system (CSAS), data matrix (DATA), performance assessment system (PAAS), target definition system (TARGET), and method matrix (TOOL). The current situation is analyzed with a total of 231 components under 11 main headings covering WWM practices. The assessment framework was tested in pilot utilities and the results were discussed. It is observed that the scores of utility I were generally better than those of utilities II and III. The novelty of this assessment framework is to evaluate the current situation of WWM practices with a unique scoring system, to define the weaknesses and strengths in WWM, and to present a roadmap for improvement according to the current situation.

Water losses in water distribution systems reach significant rates depending on the network characteristics. Various methods, which have initial investment and operating costs, have been applied to reduce these losses. Therefore, appropriate and applicable methods should be preferred by considering the network characteristics. The aim of this study is to determine the economic loss level with an optimization algorithm for utilities with different network characteristics, water production, operating costs and institutional capacity. Three pilot utilities with different system characteristics and water loss components were selected as application areas. The non-revenue water rates are currently calculated as 57%, 50% and 37%, respectively. The economic loss levels in the pilot utilities were calculated as 29%, 16% and 23% with the optimization model. Moreover, the most appropriate methods to be applied according to the conditions of the utilities were determined in order to reach these defined economic loss levels. It is thought that the results obtained from this study will be a reference for the development of sustainable water loss management strategies and their implementation in the field.

In water distribution systems, water losses should be defined accurately and systematically. The water balance method is one of the most basic analyzes applied in water loss management. In this study, a new method was proposed to evaluate the data quality of water balance components and application levels of water balance practices by considering a total of 27 components. The developed model was applied in 4 pilot water administrations in Turkey. The weaknesses and strengths in water balance practices were determined by considering scoring in accordance with the dynamic structure of each administration. The quality of basic data measurement components and application levels of water balance practices were found to be at a good level in Administrations II and IV, at a poor level in Administration I, and at an average level in Administration III. Moreover, quality of water balance analysis and performance monitoring practices are at a good level in Administrations II and IV, and at a poor level in Administrations I and II. Thus the components that need improvement in each administration were identified and an improvement process was suggested. It is thought that this model will make a significant contribution to the testing of current application levels of water loss management components for practitioners and decision makers.

Water losses in water distribution systems (WDSs) cause inefficiency of water resources and increase operating costs. Water loss management (WLM) methods generally have high initial investment and operating costs. However, the budget planned within the scope of WLM in administrations is generally limited. Therefore, the most appropriate method should be determined by considering the budget conditions and cost–benefit analysis. The aim of this study is to propose a new economic water loss level (EWLL) model in WDSs with the different budget constraints of 5, 15 and 20% of the annual income. This EWLL model was developed by the discrete stochastic optimization algorithm. The EWLL and economically recoverable leakage volumes were determined by considering the budget constraints. Moreover, the most appropriate methods were determined to reach the EWLL values defined according to the budget constraints. The EWLL was calculated as 8.62% by the optimization model without budget constraints. Moreover, the EWLL values with budget constraints of 5, 15 and 20% of the annual income were determined as 56.82, 21.14 and 18.02%, respectively. This EWLL model will make a significant contribution to the annual planning in WLM depending on the budget constraints of the administrations.

The random structures in the Aquila optimization algorithm are modeled with fractional chaotic oscillators, and the fractional-order chaotic oscillator-based Aquila optimization (FOCOBAO) algorithm was suggested in this study. First of all, the basic AO algorithm was examined. In particular, random variables that affect the optimization performance of the AO algorithm have been determined. Then, instead of the determined random variables, the coefficients were derived with fractional chaotic oscillators and used in the FOCOBAO. The superiority of the proposed algorithm was primarily demonstrated via twenty-three benchmark functions. The results were matched with GO, EO, GWO, MPA, WOA, SMA and basic AO optimization algorithms. Then, the design of the Lorenz chaotic oscillator, according to maximum chaotic objective function, is a topic that remains up to date in the literature. In this study, a fractional chaotic Lorenz oscillator was designed with FOCOBAO as an engineering application. Especially for maximum chaoticity, maximum positive Lyapunov exponents were determined. In this way, a different design process has been proposed in the literature. The basic AO algorithm, which includes stochastic processes, was developed with fractional chaotic oscillators, and a deterministic method was obtained. The parameters of the Lorenz system were calculated for maximum chaoticity, and the results were presented comparatively.

In this study, enhanced equilibrium optimization (E 2 O) algorithm was proposed by developing stochastic processes in equilibrium optimization (EO) method with fractional order chaotic (FOC) system models. FOC model was firstly used in an optimization algorithm in this study. System responses of the fractional order chaotic models were used instead of random coefficients in the basic EO method. The performance of many fractional order chaotic system models was tested on benchmark functions. It was experimentally determined fractional order chaotic models of Genesio Tesi, Chua Memristor and cellular neural network which were convenient for the EO method. Model coefficients and initial conditions of corresponding fractional order chaotic models were obtained for benchmark functions to find suitable models for E 2 O algorithm. In order to present engineering application performance of the proposed E 2 O method, controller parameters were optimized for liquid level control that was decoupled two-input and two-output (TITO) tank system. Fractional and integer order PI and PID controllers’ parameters were tuned according to the reference input signals for TITO tank system. Multi-objective function was defined with mean square error (MSE) definition as system’s overall objective function. Proposed multi-objective function was minimized during to optimization process. E 2 O algorithm results were compared with each other and existing literature studies results. In this way, it was shown comparatively that usage of fractional order chaotic models in the proposed E 2 O algorithm affected optimization algorithm performance and produced better results.

Failures and breaks occurring in water distribution networks (WDSs) create significant leakage volumes annually. System operating conditions deteriorate due to the increase in the rate of failure and leakage. Therefore, the failure rate and leakage volume should be reduced by applying the most appropriate methods. For this, the most economically suitable level must first be defined in each system or districtmetered area. This study aims to define the most economical leakage level with the optimization algorithm in the district-metered area in water distribution systems. For this, network characteristics, subscriber information and water consumption, water production cost, failure rates, and other data in the isolated measurement area are considered. Ant lion optimization algorithm was used as the optimization algorithm in the study. The definition of the methods to be applied to reach the defined ELL level constitutes a reference for the implementers. Water utilities can continue their loss reduction strategies in the most economically efficient way with the help of this method. In the selected regions of the study area, pressure management application and active leakage method application were economical. Thus, it is possible to create a more effective and efficient leakage management plan in the isolated measurement area. It is thought that the results obtained from the study will serve as a reference for practitioners and technical personnel, especially in terms of determining the appropriate leakage target level for each isolated region.

This paper includes three exotic polychaeta species, Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873), Polydora cornuta Bosc, 1802, and Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda, 1937), found during benthic samplings in Çardak Lagoon (Turkish Straits). The sampling was collected from the sandy and silty bottoms known to be polluted by sewage discharges. A total of 45 specimens of exotic polychaetes (H. dianthus: 1; P. cornuta: 4; P. paucibranchiata: 40) were found. The correlation values between the annual average values of the nutrients and the polychaeta abundance showed that the highest positive relationships with the abundance were between sand content, total phosphate, and pH. P. cornuta was the most observed species with a frequency index value of 75%, while H. dianthus was represented with a single species in the study area. Albeit the previous studies, P. paucibranchiata was observed most abundantly in the sampling station having low organic matter amounts. The study showed that opportunistic polychaetes observed in Çardak Lagoon mostly preferred organically poor sediments.