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The field of nanotechnology is the most active area of research in modern materials science. Though there are many chemical as well as physical methods, green synthesis of nanomaterials is the most emerging method of synthesis. We report the synthesis of antibacterial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using leaf broth of medicinal herb, Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi). The synthesized AgNPs have been characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffractometry. The mean particle of synthesized NPs was found to be 18 nm, as confirmed by TEM. The qualitative assessment of reducing potential of leaf extract has also been carried out which indicated presence of significant amount of reducing entities. FTIR analysis revealed that the AgNPs were stabilized by eugenols, terpenes, and other aromatic compounds present in the extract. Such AgNPs stabilized by Tulsi leaf extract were found to have enhanced antimicrobial activity against well-known pathogenic strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli.

Combustion stands as one of the essential methods in resource recovery for disposal of distillery sludge. In this study, sludge along with coal has been considered an option for co-combustion in the grate furnace aiming for further application as a boiler fuel. Detailed analysis was carried out to verify the feasibility of co-combustion of sludge with coal. Distillery sludge was blended with coal as a mixed fuel at co-combustion ratios of 20%, 30%, and 40% in grate furnace. The results of the analysis indicated that the combustion with 40% sludge mixed coal is suitable for application as a fuel in boiler. According to the chemical composition of bottom ash, weight loss from 460 to 800°C indicated the presence of C–C and C–H. Also, EDX and XRD analyses of mixed fuel was carried out to determine the mineralogical composition. The presence of quartz (SiO 2 ), mullite (3Al 2 O 3 2SiO 2 ), and hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) present in the ash can be used as mineral additives in cement industries. The study also provided a promising approach towards diverting combustion bottom ash from landfills for its utilization in various industries which can be a possible cost-effective solution. Graphical abstract

The groundwater resource is a multidimensional concept; it is defined by its location, its occurrence over time, its size, properties, conditions of accessibility, the effort required to mobilize it and therefore, all of which are to be considered in the context of demand. Groundwater, a renewable and finite natural resource, vital for man’s life, social and economic development and a valuable component of the ecosystem, is vulnerable to natural and human impacts. There is a great need for the assessment and monitoring of quality and quantity of groundwater resource required at local level to develop an exact scenario of watershed. In this study qualitative assessment of groundwater was done and a ground water quality index criterion was used to understand the suitability of groundwater for irrigation and drinking purpose in the study area. A GIS based multicriteria analysis was done by assigning weight to different water quality parameters. The water quality was grouped into six classes from very good to unfit for drinking. It was found that the in most part of the study area the water quality varied from moderate to good except in some areas where it is poor to unfit. An assessment of change in landuse and landcover was done from the year 1989 using Landsat data to year 2006 using LISS III satellite data. The change in LULC was correlated with water quality data and it was found that the areas around which rapid urbanisation as well as industrialisation is taking place showed poor to unfit groundwater in terms of quality.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic characteristics of umbilical vessels in healthy pregnant Beetal goats. Doppler examinations were performed from day 20 to 120 of gestation, twice in week from day 20 to 60 and once in week from day 60 to 120 of gestation on six goats. Free floating umbilical cord was identified on day 39 of gestation. The umbilical cord waveform was characterized by the simultaneous presence of arterial and venous flow. The pattern of blood flow in the umbilical artery was represented as saw tooth pattern above the baseline. Pattern of blood flow in umbilical vein was flat and wavy in nature; presented below the baseline. Peak systolic velocity (PSV) increased significantly from day 39 to 67 and further between 98 and 120 days of gestation (p<0.05), but there was no significant increase or decrease in end-diastolic velocity (EDV). Pulsatility index (PI) value was increased significantly during 42 to 48 days of gestation and decreased significantly from 98 to 105 days of gestation. On other days, there was no significant increase or decrease. Value of resistance index (RI) was more stable than PI values as there was no significant increase or decrease in RI value. From the present study, it is reasonable to conclude that the normal blood flow parameters like PI, RI, PSV and EDV during gestation might be helpful in assessment of antenatal development of fetus in the goat. This work provides the basis for further contribution in diagnosing and monitoring high-risk pregnancy in this species.

Medicinal plants possess several active components like alkaloids, triterpenoids, essential oils and phenolic compounds etc which are responsible for their curative properties. Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth and Hook ex f. A. Gray (family Asteraceae) is an invasive species found in arid or semi-arid regions. It is an herbaceous, annual, tall plant bearing yellow flowers. In the present study, stem of V encelioides was extracted in water, methanol and pet ether. Those extracts were evaluated for their in vitro anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential. Results indicated that methanolic extracts showed the maximum activity among all extracts. Methanolic extracts were further subjected for GCMS analysis to determine phytochemical composition. Undecane, p-Cresol, Dodecane, 1-Butanol, 3-methyl-, acetate, Tetradecane, Octadecane, 5-methyl-, Pentadecane, 3-methyl-, Diethyl Phthalate, Glutinol, Eicosane, Heptadecane, 3-methyl-, 6-Hydroxy-4,4,7a-trimethyl-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydr 2.06 Octadecane, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Heptadecanoic acid, 15-methyl-, methyl ester, Lanosta-7,9(ll)- etc. compounds have been identified. These findings underscore the importance of further investigation into the specific mechanisms of action and the therapeutic applications of V encelioides extracts in managing inflammatory and infectious diseases.

Many methods of synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) by reducing Ag + ions using aqueous/organic extracts of various plants have been reported in the past, but the methods are rather slow. In this investigation, silver nanoparticles were quickly synthesized from aqueous silver nitrate through a simple method using leaf extract of a plant— Cynodon dactylon which served as reducing agent, while sunlight acted as a catalyst. The formation of Ag-NPs was indicated by gradual change in colour and pH and confirmed by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The Ag-NPs showed a surface plasmon resonance at 451 nm. Based on the decrease in pH, a possible mechanism of the synthesis of Ag-NPs involving hydroxyl (OH − ) ions of polyphenols of the leaf extract is postulated. Ag-NPs having (111) and (200) crystal lattices were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the spherical nature of the Ag-NPs, while transmission electron microscopy showed that the nanoparticles were polydispersed with a size range of 8–10 nm. The synthesized Ag-NPs also demonstrated their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium .

To overcome the limitations of soil fertility and provide high crop output, soil fertility management, including the sensible use of mixes of organic and inorganic fertilizers, is a realistic approach. The strategy of integrated nutrient usage was used since there was a decrease in soil characteristics and crop productivity as a result of the overuse of chemical fertilizers. The present study was designed in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 at the high-tech unit, Department of Horticulture, Udaipur to investigate the integrated use of FYM and inorganic fertilizers along with silicon on the development and output parameters of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.). The field experiment was carried out with fourteen treatments as a soil application under randomized block design. The results revealed that treatment T14 (50% recommended dose of nitrogen by FYM + 50% recommended dose of fertilizers + 100 kg Silicon/ha) showed maximum plant height at harvest (65.73 cm), number of leaves per plant (24.27), leaf area index (11.83), chlorophyll content at 50 days after transplanting (1.99 mg/g), stalk length (8.23 cm) and stem girth (7.41 cm), minimum number of days to curd initiation after transplanting (66.37), minimum number of days required for marketable curd maturity after transplanting (89.17), maximum plant weight (1154.74 g), diameter of curd (15.75 cm), curd yield (277.53 q/ha) and dry weight of curd (91.41 g) as compared to control. In the end, the results showed that the growth and yield of cauliflower were better when silicon, manure, and chemical fertilizers were used together.

The horse, one of the most domesticated animals, has been used for several purposes, like transportation, hunting, in sport, or for agriculture-related works. Kathiawari, Marwari, Manipuri, Zanskari, Bhutia, Spiti, and Thoroughbred are the main breeds of horses, particularly due to their agroclimatic adaptation and role in any kind of strong physical activity, and these characteristics are majorly governed by genetic factors. The genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of these Indian equine breeds using microsatellite markers have been reported, but further studies exploring the SNP diversity and runs of homozygosity revealing the selection signature of breeds are still warranted. In our study, the identification of genes that play a vital role in muscle development is performed through SNP detection via the whole-genome sequencing approach. A total of 96 samples, categorized under seven breeds, and 620,721 SNPs were considered to ascertain the ROH patterns amongst all the seven breeds. Over 5444 ROH islands were mined, and the maximum number of ROHs was found to be present in Zanskari, while Thoroughbred was confined to the lowest number of ROHs. Gene enrichment of these ROH islands produced 6757 functional genes, with AGPAT1, CLEC4, and CFAP20 as important gene families. However, QTL annotation revealed that the maximum QTLs were associated with Wither’s height trait ontology that falls under the growth trait in all seven breeds. An Equine SNP marker database (EqSNPDb) was developed to catalogue ROHs for all these equine breeds for the flexible and easy chromosome-wise retrieval of ROH along with the genotype details of all the SNPs. Such a study can reveal breed divergence in different climatic and ecological conditions.

Human from ancient times have been used plants and their products to various ailments because plant products cause minimal or no side effects. In the present paper we review five traditional Indian medicinal plants used for ethanomedicinal and pharmacological in India traditional medicinal system (Ayurveda), several researchers of have been explored different activities of these plants includes Citrullus colocynthis, Delonix regia, Kiglia pinnata, Martynia annua and Pongamia pinnata. These plants have been used for several medicinal and pharmacological activities like as anti-inflammatory, antifungal and antibacterial, antioxidant, analgesic or anti-proliferative, antifertility and abortion etc in different parts around the world.