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"Awad, Germine H."
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Depression and anxiety symptoms among Arab/Middle Eastern American college students: Modifying roles of religiosity and discrimination
We examine mental health outcomes in a national sample of Arab/Middle Eastern college students using the Healthy Minds Study (HMS) from 2015-2018 and assess the modifying roles of religion and discrimination.
HMS is an annual web-based survey administered to random samples of undergraduate and graduate students at participating colleges and universities. A total of 2,494 Arab/Middle Eastern and 84,423 white students were included in our sample. Our primary outcomes of depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale, respectively. Survey-weighted logistic regression models were fit for each outcome using an Arab ethnicity indicator. Effect modification by religiosity and discrimination was examined by adding an interaction term to the model.
Odds of depression (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.57) and anxiety (AOR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.60) were higher for Arab/Middle Eastern students than for white students. For Arab/Middle Eastern students, religiosity was a protective factor for both depression (AOR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.79, 0.90) and anxiety (AOR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.97). Arab/Middle Eastern students who experienced discrimination had higher odds of depression (AOR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.56) and anxiety (AOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.65) than those who had not.
Arab/Middle Eastern American college students are a vulnerable subgroup on college campuses experiencing a high burden of depression and anxiety symptoms which are dampened by religiosity and amplified by discrimination.
Journal Article
Lack of Arab or Middle Eastern and North African Health Data Undermines Assessment of Health Disparities
Collection of race and ethnicity data has been controversial in the United States, and the identification of legally recognized race and ethnic categories has shifted over time as a result of changes in the sociopolitical climate. For example, the shift from using the Asian (Mongol) to the White classification for Arab or Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) populations came after contentious court battles at the beginning of the 20th century, when being White was a prerequisite for US citizenship. Furthermore, the accuracy of racial and ethnic categories has been questioned.2-4 A case in point is that the Hispanic/Latino group did not emerge as a recognized ethnic group until the 1980 US census count,5 and there was little consensus as to whether this category should be considered a race or an ethnicity.6 The categories adopted in the US census tend to result from both research and political lobbying. The political motivations underlying the collection of race and ethnicity data range from remedying inequalities to advancing White supremacist values.4,7,8 Accurate and robust collection of ethnicity and race data is the first critical step in identifying and addressing disparities in health. One ethnic minority group that is often omitted from medical and health-related data collection altogether is the Arab/ MENA population in the United States. Race and ethnicity disparity statistics often exclude the Arab/MENA population because either data are not being collected on this population or the group is not being disaggregated from the White race category. A growing body of research shows that Arab/MENA Americans have both health and social patterns distinct from those of Whites. Findings suggest that, relative to nonHispanic Whites, Arab/MENA Americans have a higher prevalence of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease,11-13 as well as low birth weight14,15 and depressive symptoms.16,17 Furthermore, this group is bifurcated in terms of socioeconomic status, reporting both higher and lower educational levels than Whites.
Journal Article
Religious Identity, Discrimination, and Psychological Distress Among Muslim and Christian Arab Americans
This study examines differences in experiences between Muslim and Christian Arabs (N = 1016) utilizing data from the Detroit Arab American Study (DAAS). Results showed that Muslim and Christian Arabs held similar levels of religious centrality and psychological distress but differed in reports of negative religious public regard and experiences of discrimination. Additionally, religious public regard and religious centrality predicted psychological distress similarly for Muslim and Christian Arab Americans. The relationship between religious centrality and psychological distress was mediated by negative religious public regard and perceived discrimination. Study implications are discussed.
Journal Article
Depression and anxiety symptoms among Arab/Middle Eastern American college students: Modifying roles of religiosity and discrimination
Introduction We examine mental health outcomes in a national sample of Arab/Middle Eastern college students using the Healthy Minds Study (HMS) from 2015–2018 and assess the modifying roles of religion and discrimination. Methods HMS is an annual web-based survey administered to random samples of undergraduate and graduate students at participating colleges and universities. A total of 2,494 Arab/Middle Eastern and 84,423 white students were included in our sample. Our primary outcomes of depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale, respectively. Survey-weighted logistic regression models were fit for each outcome using an Arab ethnicity indicator. Effect modification by religiosity and discrimination was examined by adding an interaction term to the model. Results Odds of depression (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.57) and anxiety (AOR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.60) were higher for Arab/Middle Eastern students than for white students. For Arab/Middle Eastern students, religiosity was a protective factor for both depression (AOR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.79, 0.90) and anxiety (AOR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.97). Arab/Middle Eastern students who experienced discrimination had higher odds of depression (AOR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.56) and anxiety (AOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.65) than those who had not. Discussion Arab/Middle Eastern American college students are a vulnerable subgroup on college campuses experiencing a high burden of depression and anxiety symptoms which are dampened by religiosity and amplified by discrimination.
Journal Article
In Defense of Quantitative Methods: Using the “Master’s Tools” to Promote Social Justice
Empiricism in the form of quantitative methods has sometimes been
used by researchers to thwart human welfare and social justice. Some of the ugliest moments
in the history of psychology were a result of researchers using quantitative methods to
legitimize and codify the prejudices of the day. This has resulted in the view that
quantitative methods are antithetical to the pursuit of social justice for oppressed and
marginalized groups. While the ambivalence toward quantitative methods by some is
understandable given their misuse by some researchers, we argue that quantitative methods
are not inherently oppressive. Quantitative methods can be liberating if used by
multiculturally competent researchers and scholar-activists committed to social justice.
Examples of best practices in social justice oriented quantitative research are
reviewed.
Journal Article
Development of a Measure of Barriers to HIV Testing Among Individuals at High Risk
Rates of HIV antibody testing remain at approximately 45% of the general population. To more effectively design interventions to increase testing, comprehensive information is needed to understand the barriers to HIV testing. A measure of barriers to HIV testing was developed using the major barriers identified in the literature on barriers to health care utilization (Melnyk, 1988), and tested with a diverse group of individuals at high risk for HIV, including heterosexuals, men who have sex with men, injected drug users, and sex workers. An exploratory factor analysis indicated that the factor structure was replicated over 2 years of data collection. Three factors--Structural Barriers, Fatalism/Confidentiality Concerns, and Fear--emerged for both years. The reliabilities ranged from .75 to .87, indicating moderate to high internal consistency.
Journal Article
Psychosocial and cultural predictors of test performance for African American college students
This study examined cultural and psychosocial predictors of test performance as measured by the GRE verbal section for African American students. The current study was one of the first of its kind to empirically test the hypothesis that those whose beliefs, values, and identity are more culturally congruent to mainstream society are more likely to score higher on tests such as the graduate record exam (GRE) than those whose cultural values are less aligned with the culture of the majority. One hundred and forty-five African American college students completed both parts of the study. A hierarchical regression analyses was used to test the study hypotheses. In the first step of the regression, all of the control variables were entered (i.e., SES, GPA, Sex, Age, and Perceived Stereotype Threat). In the second step, the main study variables which included racial identity ideologies, acculturation, and Protestant work ethic were entered. In the third step, interaction terms with race centrality were entered. Results indicated that among the control variables only age significantly predicted scores on the GRE. GPA emerged as a marginally significant predictor whereas none of the main study variables emerged as significant predictors. Implications of study findings will be discussed.
Dissertation