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The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) was a yearlong expedition supported by the icebreaker R/V Polarstern , following the Transpolar Drift from October 2019 to October 2020. The campaign documented an annual cycle of physical, biological, and chemical processes impacting the atmosphere-ice-ocean system. Of central importance were measurements of the thermodynamic and dynamic evolution of the sea ice. A multi-agency international team led by the University of Colorado/CIRES and NOAA-PSL observed meteorology and surface-atmosphere energy exchanges, including radiation; turbulent momentum flux; turbulent latent and sensible heat flux; and snow conductive flux. There were four stations on the ice, a 10 m micrometeorological tower paired with a 23/30 m mast and radiation station and three autonomous Atmospheric Surface Flux Stations. Collectively, the four stations acquired ~928 days of data. This manuscript documents the acquisition and post-processing of those measurements and provides a guide for researchers to access and use the data products.

Background The presence of photoreceptive molecules outside the eye is widespread among animals, yet their functions in the periphery are less well understood. Marine organisms, such as annelid worms, exhibit a ‘shadow reflex’, a defensive withdrawal behaviour triggered by a decrease in illumination. Herein, we examine the cellular and molecular underpinnings of this response, identifying a role for a photoreceptor molecule of the G o -opsin class in the shadow response of the marine bristle worm Platynereis dumerilii. Results We found Pdu-Go-opsin1 expression in single specialised cells located in adult Platynereis head and trunk appendages, known as cirri. Using gene knock-out technology and ablation approaches, we show that the presence of Go-opsin1 and the cirri is necessary for the shadow reflex. Consistently, quantification of the shadow reflex reveals a chromatic dependence upon light of approximately 500 nm in wavelength, matching the photoexcitation characteristics of the Platynereis Go-opsin1. However, the loss of Go-opsin1 does not abolish the shadow reflex completely, suggesting the existence of a compensatory mechanism, possibly acting through a ciliary-type opsin, Pdu- c-opsin2, with a Lambda max of approximately 490 nm. Conclusions We show that a Go-opsin is necessary for the shadow reflex in a marine annelid, describing a functional example for a peripherally expressed photoreceptor, and suggesting that, in different species, distinct opsins contribute to varying degrees to the shadow reflex.

A vertically pointing radar for monitoring radar brightband height (BBH) has been developed. This new radar utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) techniques to provide high-resolution data at a fraction of the cost of comparable pulsed radars. This S-band radar provides details of the vertical structure of precipitating clouds, with full Doppler information. Details of the radar design are presented along with observations from one storm. Results from a calibration using these storm data show the radar meets the design goals. Eleven of these radars have been deployed and provide BBH data in near–real time.

The presence of photoreceptive molecules outside the eye is widespread among animals, yet their functions in the periphery are less well understood. Marine organisms, such as annelid worms, exhibit a 'shadow reflex', a defensive withdrawal behaviour triggered by a decrease in illumination. Herein, we examine the cellular and molecular underpinnings of this response, identifying a role for a photoreceptor molecule of the G -opsin class in the shadow response of the marine bristle worm Platynereis dumerilii. We found Pdu-Go-opsin1 expression in single specialised cells located in adult Platynereis head and trunk appendages, known as cirri. Using gene knock-out technology and ablation approaches, we show that the presence of Go-opsin1 and the cirri is necessary for the shadow reflex. Consistently, quantification of the shadow reflex reveals a chromatic dependence upon light of approximately 500 nm in wavelength, matching the photoexcitation characteristics of the Platynereis Go-opsin1. However, the loss of Go-opsin1 does not abolish the shadow reflex completely, suggesting the existence of a compensatory mechanism, possibly acting through a ciliary-type opsin, Pdu-c-opsin2, with a Lambda of approximately 490 nm. We show that a Go-opsin is necessary for the shadow reflex in a marine annelid, describing a functional example for a peripherally expressed photoreceptor, and suggesting that, in different species, distinct opsins contribute to varying degrees to the shadow reflex.

Whether there was also an element of political calculation in this as well is very difficult to say, in that various speeches by President Bush and Vice President Cheney clearly indicate that they both thought that eliminating Saddam Hussein's regime would bring benefits to the US and the Middle East in general far beyond just the removal of the WMD threat. Accessed November 20, 2006 at: http: www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html In this famous speech, President George W. Bush declared that that the Iraqi government flaunted its hostility to the US, had been seeking to develop weapons of mass destruction for over a decade, had already used poison gas to murder thousands of its own citizens, and refused to allow weapon inspectors into Iraq.

Archaeology in the United States has been transformed into a mainstream, practical science over the past fifty years by Cultural Resource Management (CRM) and the federal regulations imposed by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966. However, this form of archaeology has been plagued with criticisms since the NHPA’s enactment including issues of access and use of data maintained by state site files. State archaeology is publicly funded yet state and federal legislation often exempts CRM data from freedom of information laws. To mitigate this contradiction and stem the growing body of “gray literature”, new open-access (OA) technologies are being developed to connect the general and academic publics with archaeological research. This thesis explores to what extent a consensus exists between state outreach and access features and how the implemented polices could be adapted with recent developments in OA information systems.Understanding these questions requires information directly from state archaeologists. As such, seven interviews were conducted with personnel from three state archaeology departments across the country. To establish a survey of state policy offerings, these professionals were asked a series of questions as they related to their state’s implementation of data access and public outreach outlets. Furthermore, each interviewee provided comments on their state’s investment in OA development. Over sixty pages of transcripts revealed a consensus on the concepts of data access and public outreach. This agreement was checked by considerable variation in state policy offerings. A grounded theory analysis was applied to the transcripts to uncover why this variation in policy existed. Initially it appeared that underfunding of programs was the primary factor. However, a comprehensive assessment though revealed that concerns with data security led states to implement strict yet largely unstandardized data access and public outreach policies. As such, I put forth that state archaeology departments across the nation look to implement Open-Access data management systems like the Digital Index of North American Archaeology (DINNA). Implementing such systems will provide a new platform for efficient researching and help in the fight against the growing body of gray literature. What is more, systems like DINAA will act as a clearinghouse of linked comprehensive data sets for state archaeologists, academic, and CRM researchers to utilize for broad geographic analyses needed to understand the threats posed to archaeological sites nationwide.

Metrology--the scientific study of measurement--can support an increasingly complex manufacturing world. As a metrology expert, I see process-related trends leading to opportunities and challenges ahead. New manufacturing techniques are creating more complex parts, and design engineers should keep inspection and measurement duly in mind. Technologies such as additive manufacturing or high-end five-axis machining can create product designs, shapes or tight tolerance features unlike anything before. Planning abounds in new product possibilities, especially with metrology included. I see companies justifying the expense of new manufacturing technologies, but overlooking measurement requirements to support the process.

Why did the TH have to print (Feb. 1) the girl's face in her time of despair? If this had been the editor's daughter, would we have seen the same?

Risk is defined as the likely variability of future returns from a given asset/project. The sum of the risks associated with all of the company's assets/projects can be considered the total corporate risk. Different types of risks which can be considered in connection with the factors producing them include economic risk, ecological risk, social risk, political risk, and technological risk. It is pointed out that technological risk is generally ignored or understated in a corporation's planning process. Technological risk can be related to the emergence of a new technology which threatens the market of the corporation's product, an adverse reaction by society in connection with product-related environmental effects, and changes in societal values which alter the market for a product. The evaluation of technological risk is considered and attention is given to a ten-step process for a corporate planning system incorporating technological forecasting, technology assessment, and alternative future analyses.

There is no need of experimental proof to satisfy the photographer that natural light proceeds to the earth in straight lines from every part of the sky; his experience is sufficiently convincing to impress this fact upon the minrl without the possibility of doubt; it is only when the accuracy of the old belief, that every ray of natural light primarily proceeds from the sun, and that their multifarious changes of direction are caused by the reflection and refraction the solar ravs suffer in their passage through the...