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Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3), focusing on ensuring healthy lives and well-being for all, holds global significance and is particularly vital for Bangladesh. Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR), Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR), Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and Death Rate Due to Road Traffic Injuries (RTI) are considered responsible indicators of SDG 3 progress in Bangladesh. The objective of the study is to forecast these indicators of Bangladesh up to 2030 and compare these forecasts with predetermined 2030 targets. The data is obtained from the World Bank's (WB) website. For forecasting, time series models were employed, specifically Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average- ARIMA (0,2,1) with Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) 94.6 for NMR and ARIMA (2,1,2) with AIC 423.2 for U5MR, selected based on their lowest AIC values. Additionally, Machine Learning (ML) models, including Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks (BRNN) and Elastic Neural Networks (ENET), were employed for all the indicators. ENET demonstrates superior performance compared to both BRNN and ARIMA in the context of NMR, achieving a Root Mean Absolute Error (RMAE) of 0.603446 and a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.451162. Furthermore, when considering U5MR, MMR, and Death Rate Due to RTI, ENET consistently exhibits lower error metrics compared to the alternative models. Following the time series and ML analyses, a consistent trend emerges in the forecasted values for NMR and U5MR, which consistently fall below their respective 2030 targets. This promising finding suggests that Bangladesh is making significant progress toward meeting its 2030 targets for NMR and U5MR. However, in the cases of MMR and Death Rate Due to RTI, the forecasted values exceeded 2030 targets. This indicates that Bangladesh faces challenges in meeting the 2030 targets for MMR and Death Rate Due to RTI. The analyses underscore the importance of SDG 3 in Bangladesh and its progress towards ensuring healthy lives and well-being for all. While there is optimism regarding NMR and U5MR, more focused efforts may be needed to address the challenges posed by MMR and Death Rate Due to RTI to align with the 2030 targets. This study contributes valuable insights into Bangladesh's journey toward sustainable development in the realm of health and well-being.

Recently, the emerging 2D materials MXene have gained a surge of attention to the production of optoelectronics devices such as solar cells, plasmonic, phototransistors, photodetectors, light‐emitting diodes, photothermal therapy, and so on. Its outstanding optical and electrical characteristics, unique structure, and large specific surface area make it suitable for future use in modern optoelectronics including ultrafast lasers, light emitters, modulators, and plasmonic generators. There is a lack of critical analysis on the prospects, challenges, overview of synthesis methods, mechanisms, and future research directions of MXene despite having some reviews have been published on the applications of MXene. Therefore, this study critically analyzed the existing challenges of MXene, such as poor stability in an oxygen environment, inadequate mechanical properties, ease of stacking, temperature barrier, and so on. In addition, the fundamentals, preparation techniques, properties, and applications of MXene have been summarized. The mechanism, limitations, and benefits of different preparation methods have been mentioned. A comprehensive analysis and guidelines have been provided to improve the existing synthesis methods. The ways to overcome these challenges, prospects, and future markets of the MXene‐based optoelectronic devices have been described. This review provides an overview of the fundamentals, preparation techniques, properties, and applications of MXene, along with addressing the mechanism, limitations, and potential benefits of various methods of MXene preparation. The present paper also explores the ways that we can overcome the current challenges and provide a roadmap to the future of MXene in different fields of optoelectronics.

As SARS-CoV-2 evolves to become better suited for circulating in humans, mutations have occurred in the spike protein it uses for attaching to cells it infects. Protective antibodies from prior infection or vaccination target the spike protein to interfere with its function. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve in humans. Spike protein mutations increase transmission and potentially evade antibodies raised against the original sequence used in current vaccines. Our evaluation of serum neutralizing activity in both persons soon after SARS-CoV-2 infection (in April 2020 or earlier) or vaccination without prior infection confirmed that common spike mutations can reduce antibody antiviral activity. However, when the persons with prior infection were subsequently vaccinated, their antibodies attained an apparent biologic ceiling of neutralizing potency against all tested variants, equivalent to the original spike sequence. These findings indicate that additional antigenic exposure further improves antibody efficacy against variants. IMPORTANCE As SARS-CoV-2 evolves to become better suited for circulating in humans, mutations have occurred in the spike protein it uses for attaching to cells it infects. Protective antibodies from prior infection or vaccination target the spike protein to interfere with its function. These mutations can reduce the efficacy of antibodies generated against the original spike sequence, raising concerns for reinfections and vaccine failures, because current vaccines contain the original sequence. In this study, we tested antibodies from people infected early in the pandemic (before spike variants started circulating) or people who were vaccinated without prior infection. We confirmed that some mutations reduce the ability of antibodies to neutralize the spike protein, whether the antibodies were from past infection or vaccination. Upon retesting the previously infected persons after vaccination, their antibodies gained the same ability to neutralize mutated spike as the original spike, suggesting that the combination of infection and vaccination drove the production of enhanced antibodies to reach a maximal level of potency. Whether this can be accomplished by vaccination alone remains to be determined, but the results suggest that booster vaccinations may help improve efficacy against spike variants through improving not only antibody quantity, but also quality.

Prehabilitation programmes for major abdominal surgery enhance patients' condition preoperative and promote recovery by building surgical resilience. However, the precise protocol of prehabilitation pertaining to the prescription of exercise training remains undefined. This paper describes the protocol of the study that aims to evaluate the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) compared to moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) among patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. This is pragmatic double-blind randomized controlled trial, with parallel group, concealed allocation and blinding of patients and assessors. A total of 70 participants will be recruited from the surgery and anaesthetic clinic at the Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz. Participants will be randomly allocated 1:1 to either receive HIIT (intervention group) or MICT (control group) with 35 participants in each group. Both groups will receive body conditioning and respiratory muscle strength exercises of HIIT for participants in the intervention group, while MICT for the control group. This will be one-hour therapist-supervised intervention sessions for at least 4 weeks duration with 1-3 sessions per week before the surgery. The patient will be assessed at baseline, before the operation at 4-week following intervention, prior to discharge, at 4 weeks and 3 months postoperatively. The primary outcome measures are 6-minute walking test and maximum inspiratory pressure. The secondary outcomes will be multidomain recovery of physical performances, psychological, and quality of life. All data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, particularly Mixed Model ANOVA. The statistical significance value will be set at p < 0.05. The trial is currently recruiting participants. The findings of this research will inform guidelines on optimal exercise dosage and intensity for prehabilitation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. The protocol of this study is registered in the Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry with registration number ACTRN12625000023459.

Nanoclays, a specific type of nanomaterial, have emerged as versatile and dynamic materials, with tremendous potential for advanced functional applications. Despite publishing a large number of research articles, there are relatively few review articles on this topic. This comprehensive review delves into the most widely used nanoclays and explores the diverse range of applications in different fields, such as aerospace, automobile, construction, biomedical, food packaging, and polymer composites. With their ability to enhance the performance of materials and products, nanoclays have become a highly desired material in various industries. The challenges associated with nanoclays like complex properties, difficulty in developing new synthesis methods, and challenges in investigating long‐term durability and stability have been summarized. The future research directions with the exciting possibilities to develop future innovative materials have been highlighted at the end of the article. Highlights This review provides an extensive examination of the most widely used nanoclays, detailing their properties, types, and limitations. A summary of publication trends over the last 15 years, based on Scopus data up to 2024, indicates growing interest and research output in nanoclays. Applications of nanoclays span across aerospace, automobile, construction, biomedical, food packaging, and polymer composites, showcasing their versatility. Key challenges discussed include complex properties, difficulties in new synthesis methods, and issues in long‐term durability and stability. Future research directions highlight the potential for developing innovative materials using nanoclays. This review provides an extensive examination of the most widely used nanoclays, detailing their properties, types, applications, and limitations. Future research directions highlight the potential for developing innovative materials using nanoclays.

The present study provides credence to the formation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–Azadirachta indica (neem) nanofibrous mat (PNNM) under optimum processing conditions of electrospinning technique from a mixer of PVA and neem extract to utilize the inherent medicinal properties of this herb for biomedical application. The bonding behavior, orientation of fibers, thermal behavior, and moisture management properties were evaluated by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and moisture management tester (MMT) reports respectively. The antibacterial activity of the developed sample at the maximum mixing ratio of neem extract (80%) was tested against Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria using agar disc diffusion method. The results reveal that the prepared nanofibrous mat exhibited better thermal and moisture management properties in comparison with PVA nanofiber alone. The formation of smooth fibers was confirmed by SEM images having average diameter of 185 nm under 5k, 10k and 15k magnifications. The characteristic peaks of PVA and neem constituents in FTIR spectra of the developed mat confirmed the presence of both components. Bacterial resistance was reached up to 20 mm due to the antibacterial constituents of neem extract. Thus the developed mat could be used as a biocompatible and bio based in biomedical applications.Graphic Abstract

Recycling and converting textile waste into value-added products with enhanced functional properties pave the way toward a circular economy for sustainability. This research investigates the utilization of recycled cotton fiber from apparel cutting waste for fabricating high-performance thermal barrier fabrics. The physical characterization of the developed fabrics revealed a regular arrangement of fibers, consequently the uniform thickness of the fabric with no distortion on fiber surfaces due to the recycling operation of cotton waste. The developed fabrics also demonstrated a high softness index and low compression and bending average rigidity compared to the commercial fabric with similar thickness. The heat protection performance revealed an increase in fabric conductive and radiative heat resistance with increasing the amount of recycled cotton fiber in the fabrics. The inherent thermal resistance of cotton fiber and the low inter-fiber spacing because of their uniform orientation in the fabric lead to the high thermal resistance of developed fabrics. In the case of fabric air permeability concerning the clothing thermal comfort, no significant difference in breathability was observed among the test specimens. Besides, the moisture management profile of developed fabrics indicated the capability to create favorable thermal comfort within the clothing-skin microenvironment because of improved liquid transportation and diffusion of perspiration vapor through the fabric.

Background Most caretakers of children with disabilities (CWDs) have adverse health outcomes. Approximately 31% of the caretakers have clinical depression in the world. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 42% of them face severe psychological distress. Caretakers in Africa face additional cultural challenges that undermine their coping skills, access to social support, and resilience. Methods This study used sequential explanatory mixed methods to examine the relationships of social support, coping skills and resilience among caretakers of CWDs in Uganda. A total of 621 caretakers were surveyed, and 43 of them participated in interviews. Hierarchical cluster analysis and binary logistic regression were conducted to determine coping patterns and predict caretakers’ likelihood of using them. Hierarchical linear regression and thematic analyses then explored the relationships and perceptions of coping skills and resilience related to social support. A joint display was used to integrate results and show the convergence and expansion of quantitative and qualitative results. Results Quantitative and qualitative findings converged that caretakers who received social support used adaptive coping skills and had higher resilience. Qualitative results expanded the finding that caretakers who received formal social support perceived it as a safer mode of care than informal social support. Conclusions The study expanded the scope of social support, coping skills, and resilience. Caretakers perceived formal social support from schools as a safe mode of care that enabled them to use adaptive coping skills and have high resilience. Therefore, enrolling children with disabilities in schools at an early age is beneficial for building the resilience of their caretakers.

Theoretical study of super salt doped on B 12 N 12 was conducted using density functional theory. B3LYP is used with basis set LanL2DZ (a suitable basis set for metal atoms). The structural properties were characterized by molecular geometry analysis, global stability factors, non-covalent interaction, molecular electrostatic potential and infra-red vibrational spectra analysis. The electronic properties were observed by FMOs analysis, the density of states analysis, non-bonding orbitals analysis, excitation energy and transition density matrix analysis. The nonlinear optical properties were observed by calculating polarizability and hyperpolarizability. The values were outstandingly incremental in all the above results compared to B 12 N 12 . The hardness values of all complexes are lower (0.41–1.19 eV) as compared to B 12 N 12 (3.42 eV). The excitation energy of all the complexes was observed lower (0.84–2.92 eV) than higher value of B 12 N 12 (5.84 eV). The hyperpolarizability values significant increases in the doped complexes that was observed (up to 922.80 a.u and 334,849.62 a.u in BNSS4a, respectively) as compared to B 12 N 12 (158.19 a.u and 0.000751 a.u, respectively). Graphical Abstract

Various order of implicit method has been formulated for solving initial value problems having an initial singular point. The method provides better result than those obtained by used implicit formulae developed based on Euler and Runge-Kutta methods. Romberg scheme has been used for obtaining more accurate result.