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Background Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and is a significant financial burden on public health systems. This study aimed to investigate cancer mortality trends and years of life lost (YLL) in Fars province. Method The data on the total number of deaths caused by cancer in Fars Province was collected from the Electronic Population-Based Death Registration System (EDRS). Various statistics such as crude and age-standardized mortality rates, YLL, and YLL rates were computed. To analyze the trend, the JoinPoint Regression method was utilized. Results Over a period of 16 years (2004–2019), there were 31,669 recorded deaths in Fars province. Of these, 59.4% (18806 cases) were male. The trend in age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) rose for both males and females. The annual percent change (APC) was 1.3 (0.6 to 2.1, P for trend = 0.002) for males and 1.8 (0.8 to 2.9, P for trend = 0.001) for females. During the 16-year study period, the total YLL was 247,035 (7.8 per 1000 people) in males and 202,037 (6.6 per 1000 people) in females. The highest number of YLL in males due to cancer was caused by leukemia and lymphoma (13.3%), stomach (13.1%), and lung (11.4%). In females, the highest number of YLL due to cancer was caused by breast (16.4%), leukemia and lymphoma (11.4%), and stomach (9.9%). Based on the join point regression analysis, the rate of YLL due to premature mortality increased during the 16-year trend: APC was 2.3% (95% CI 1.8 to 2.8, p<0.001) for males and 3.5% (95% CI 2.7 to 4.4, p<0.001) for females. Conclusion The crude, standardized mortality rates and years of life lost (YLL) due to cancer have been increasing in both males and females. As a result, public health programs and research funding should be more explicitly directed towards preventing premature mortality. YLL can be a useful measure for easy comparison of different cancers by policymakers and health practitioners.

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality and a major public health problem all over the world. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the years of life lost (YLLs) due to COPD between 2011 and 2019 in Khuzestan province, southern Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated a total of 715 COPD-related deaths during 2011-2019 in Khuzestan, Southern Iran. Required information comprised of age, gender, and number of deaths were collected. First, crude and age-standardized mortality rates were calculated, and then the joinpoint regression was used to evaluate the trend of YLLs. Results: The highest number of deaths during the study period was observed in males (65%) and in the age group of over 70 years (52.6%). There was also a decreasing trend in crude and age age-standardized mortality rates in both genders. The total number of YLLs in both genders was 8650, 5747 in men and 2903 in women. Based on the results of joinpoint regression, the percentage of annual YII changes was −1.5% in men, −10.7% in women, and −6.6% in both genders. Conclusion: Estimating the trend of YLLs due to COPD can effectively help and lead the way of health policymakers and provide useful information to estimate the economic burden of the disease and assess health needs and priorities of a population.

Introduction. Hypertension is known worldwide as a preventable significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and their mortality. This study was designed to determine the mortality rate and years of life lost (YLL) due to hypertension in Fars Province. Method. In this cross-sectional study, we extracted all death reports due to hypertension based on age, gender, and the year of death based on ICD-10 from the EDRS system (Electronic Death Registration System). The YLL analysis due to premature death related to hypertension was executed by the 2015 YLL template from WHO in EXCEL 2016 software. To examine the trend of crude and standardized mortality rates and YLL rates for different years, joinpoint regression was used based on the log-linear model. Results. In the 16 years that the study was done (2004–2019), 13443 death cases occurred in the Fars Province, 51.0% of which (6859 cases) were in females and 48.5% (6515 cases) of which were in the 80+ age group. Total YLL due to hypertension in these 16 years of study was 61,344 (1.9 per 1000) in males, 64,903 (2.1 per 1000) in females, and 126,247 (2.0 in 1000) in both genders. According to the joinpoint regression analysis, the 16-year trend of YLL rate due to premature mortality was increasing: the average annual percent change (AAPC) was 4.9% (95% CI −2.6 to 12.85, p value=0.205) for males and 8.4% (95% CI 5.2 to 11.7, p value <0.001) for females. Conclusion. Considering the increasing trend in crude and standardized mortality rates and YLL due to hypertension, it is important for policymakers and decision makers of Health Policy Centers to promote and inform people about the importance of hypertension control and to familiarize them with proper, preventive interventions such as the importance of a healthy diet, routine physical activity, and routine learning programs for different groups in the society especially for people at a higher risk of hypertension.

ABSTRACT Objective: Asthma is a globally important non-communicable disease with major public health consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality rate and years of life lost (YLL) due to asthma in southern Iran. Methods: All deaths due to asthma in Fars province from the electronic population-based death registration system (EDRS) were obtained. Crude mortality rate, age-standardized mortality rate, YLL and YLL rate data were calculated. The JoinPoint Regression method was used to examine the trend. Results: During the 16-year study period (2004-2019), 1167 deaths due to asthma occurred in Fars province among which 54.7% (638 cases) were men and 29.6% (346 cases) were in the age group of 70-79 years. Crude mortality rate of asthma had decreased by 121% and 84% in males and females, respectively from 2004 to 2019. The total years of life lost due to asthma during the 16-year study period were 7697 (0.24 per 1000 people) in men, 6882 (0.22 per 1000 people) in women. According to the join point regression analysis, the 16-year trend of YLL rate due to premature mortality was decreasing: the annual percent change (APC) was -5.6% (95% CI −8.2 to −2.9, P = 0.001) for males, −4.4% (95% CI −7.3 to −1.4, P = 0.008) for females. Conclusion: The trend of mortality and years of life lost due to asthma has decreased significantly during the years of study, although in some age groups, especially the age group of 45-59 years which has the highest number of years of life lost, this trend has been constant and unchanged. It is necessary to conduct other studies to investigate the possible reasons for this unchanged trend in vulnerable age groups.

Background and Aims Viral hepatitis is one of the top five reasons people die from infections all around the world. The present study aimed to assess the epidemiological features of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer‐Ahmad province. Methods The data were obtained via the census method from the registered hepatitis B and hepatitis C data in the reportable disease care system of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences. The collected data are the result of serological tests. The χ2 test was used to evaluate the important risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The joinpoint regression was performed to investigate the trend of HBV and HCV in recent years. Results Here, 1270 cases of hepatitis B and C were identified and reported in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer‐Ahmad province from 2008 to 2021. The median age of patients was 38 (interquartile range: 31–51), varying significantly according to the type of hepatitis. The most common hepatitis in males was hepatitis C and in females, hepatitis B. Regarding the place of residence, HBV and HCV were both more prevalent in urban areas. The age group of 25–34 years has the highest prevalence of HBV and HCV. According to the joinpoint regression analysis, there is a decrease in the 14‐year trend of incidence rate due to total hepatitis B and C: the annual percent change was −5.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −8.4 to −1.9, p = 0.005) for hepatitis B and −0.2% (95% CI: −10.7 to 11.6, p = 0.976) for hepatitis C. Conclusion This study shows the incidence rate of hepatitis B has been decreasing during the years of study but this trend has been stable for hepatitis C. Also, the highest number of cases of hepatitis B and C were reported in the age groups of 25–34 years. Hence, preventive interventions are vital in reducing the burden of these diseases.

IntroductionInjury is one of the main causes of death and disability in the world. This study was designed to determine the trend of mortality rate and years of life lost (YLLs) due to unintentional injuries in children in southern Iran.MethodIn this cross-sectional study, we extracted all death reports due to unintentional injuries based on age, gender and the year of death based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10)from the Electronic Death Registration System. The YLL analysis due to premature death related to unintentional injuries was executed by the 2015 YLL template from the WHO using the Excel V.2016 software. To examine the trend of crude mortality rate and YLL rates for different years, joinpoint regression was used based on the log-linear model.ResultsDuring the 16-year study period (2004–2019), 6590 deaths due to unintentional injuries in children aged 0–19 years have occurred. The total YLLs due to unintentional injuries were 138 482 in males and 53 168 in females. The three main causes of YLLs in our study were transportation injuries (67.37%), drowning (7.19%) and burns (6.70%). According to the joinpoint regression analysis, the 16-year trend of YLL rate due to premature mortality was decreasing; the annual per cent change was −5.2% (95% CI −6.5% to −3.9%, p<0.001) for males and −4.3% (95% CI −5.7% to −3.0%, p<0.001) for females.ConclusionBased on the findings of this study, the trend of mortality and YLL rate has been decreasing. Road traffic injuries were the most frequent injuries and the most common cause of death. Mortality rates fell by half. To improve child survival, injuries must now be recognised as a major child health problem, and to prevent deaths from injuries in children, early and preventive measures should be taken into account.

SummaryIntroduction: The emerging and evolving situation of Coronavirus disaese-2019 (COVID-19) threatens the health of all human beings. This study aims to measure the mortality rate and years of life lost (YLL) due to premature death caused by COVID-19 in Iran, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.Materials and Methods: In this study, all definite deaths due to COVID-19 were used. First, descriptive analysis, including mean and standard deviation and the number, was performed. Then, raw and age-standardized mortality rates were calculated. The analysis of the number of YLL due to premature death caused by COVID-19 was performed using the YLL template of 2015, from the World Health Organization, in the Excel spreadsheet software version 2007.Results: During the study period (from March 2020 to June 2020), 629 definite deaths due to COVID-19 occurred (men 59.14% and women 40.86%). The mortality rate due to COVID-19 in men and women was 16.24 and 17.17 per 100,000 persons, respectively. The total YLL during the study period was 4,722 (3.06 per thousand persons) in men, 3,691 (2.46 per thousand persons) in women, and 8,413 (2.77 per thousand persons) in both sexes.Conclusion: This study is one of the first studies to measure YLL due to COVID-19 in Iran. The results of this study show that due to the high mortality of this disease, decision-makers should focus on reducing mortality to stop the potential next waves of COVID-19.

Some studies have shown that in addition to respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to compare the epidemiological features and consequences of COVID-19 in patients with and without GI symptoms. This retrospective observational study concluded on 15,323 COVID-19 patients with GI symptoms and 95,724 patients without symptoms. All symptoms and comorbidities of the patients collected. To investigate the differences between qualitative variables in the two groups, test was used. Logistic regression analysis also used to identify determinants of mortality in patients with COVID-19. During the course of the study, 111,047 cases of COVID-19 occurred. Of these, 13.8% of patients had GI symptoms, and 9.9% of deaths due to COVID-19 occurred in these patients. The most common reported GI symptoms among COVID-19 patients were nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. In addition, comorbidities, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and thyroid disease were significantly higher in patients with GI symptoms. The result of multiple logistic regression showed that the chance of mortality is higher in a patient with COVID-19 who have dyspnea, fever, cough, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, immunodeficiency, chronic kidney disease, thyroid disease, chronic pulmonary disease, and male gender. The chance of death was lower in people with GI symptoms. According to the findings of this study, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were the most common GI symptoms. Also, the chance of death is higher in people with co-morbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Therefore, it is necessary to follow these people closely.

Background Cancers, especially Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers (UGCs), pose a substantial burden on society, particularly in developing nations. Golestan province, Iran, is known for its high UGC rates globally. Aims This study delves into the disease burden of UGCs in the eastern part of Golestan province. Methods and Results This study was conducted using the results of the Golestan cohort study. 2711 patients participating in this cohort, who visited Atrak Clinic during 2001–2020, participated in this study. After excluding patients with incomplete records, 2481 patients were included in the study. To compute the metrics of years of life lost (YLL), years of life lived with disability (YLD), and disability‐adjusted life years (DALY), we utilized the World Health Organization's standard life table, stratified by age and gender. The majority of UGC patients in our study were married (81.8%), had limited formal education (82.6%), and were predominantly male (61.1%). A substantial proportion resided in suburban areas (85.8%), and over half of the patients (52%) reported a history of drug addiction. The mean age at diagnosis for men was 65.76 years with a standard deviation of 11.34, while for women, it was 64.38 years with a standard deviation of 11.66. Regarding disease impact, YLL, YLD, and DALY for men were 21 240, 1956, and 23 196 (307.8 per 100 000), respectively. For women, these figures were 15 609 for YLL, 1367 for YLD, and 16 976 (223.1 per 100 000) for DALY. Conclusion After the increasing trend of the burden of UGCs in Golestan province in the early years of the study, this rate has been decreasing in recent years. Effective strategies necessitate collaborative efforts across various sectors to alleviate this burden, focusing on preventive measures, timely diagnosis, and well‐coordinated therapeutic interventions.