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"B., Anand"
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Modern PID/FOPID controllers for frequency regulation of interconnected power system by considering different cost functions
This article presents frequency regulation of an interconnected three-area power system (Thermal + Wind + Hydro). Fractional Order PID (FOPID) and Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are applied as subsidiary regulators to control the electrical power interconnected system at the time of sudden load variation. To accomplish this study, Genetic Algorithm (GA), Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Sine Cosine Inspired Algorithm (SCIA) and Atom Search Inspired Algorithm (ASIA) are implemented to optimize the secondary regulators' gains (PID and FOPID) by considering various cost functions such as Integral Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE), Integral Square Error (ISE), and Integral Time Square Error (ITSE). Performance analysis in this work is conducted using various cost functions based on GA, GWO, SCIA and ASIA. The comparative analysis of the attained results reveals that GWO-PID and ASIA–PID settle at (83.83 s) and (30.31 s), respectively and ASIA-FOPID at (25.12 s). The controllers based on ITSE as a cost function outperform the comptrollers with other cost functions (ISE, IAE and ITAE). In addition, the ISE-based GA–PID and SCIA–PID settle at (113.92 s) and (35.1 s), respectively and SCIA-FOPID at (24.78 s). The ISE-based regulators yield improved response equated to other cost functions (ITSE, IAE and ITAE) optimized controllers. The robustness test also is carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization techniques by changing the system parameters within ± 25% and ± 50% from their nominal values as well as changing the load pattern.
Journal Article
Experimental investigations on the enhancement of mechanical properties of magnesium-based hybrid metal matrix composites through friction stir processing
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a solid-state processing technique that has unique capabilities like low amount of heat generated, extensive plastic flow of material, achieving very fine microstructure in the stirred region and healing of flaws and casting porosity. FSP offers the ability to locally tailor properties within a structure. It is a method for modifying the mechanical properties of surfaces by means of stirring action of the tool moving against the surface of the material whose properties need to be modified. In this research work, an attempt has been made to investigate the enhancement in the mechanical properties on the surface of magnesium-based metal matrix composites manufactured through stir casting. Silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminium oxide (Al
2
O
3
) with a particle size of 20 μm of 5 wt% were used as hybrid reinforcing agent in magnesium matrix material for the composite manufacture. FSP has been done on the surface of the composites to refine the grain sizes of the proposed composite materials. Microstructural studies have been carried out to investigate the grain size variations and observed an appreciable refinement in the grain size from 84 to 7 μm. Three different tool rotation speeds and three different linear movements of the tool were considered as the process parameters. From the experimental outcomes, optimum process parameters were obtained for achieving the fine grain size along with improved hardness values, tensile properties and wear property of the proposed composite material.
Journal Article
Examining inclusivity: the use of AI and diverse populations in health and social care: a systematic review
Background
Artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems are being rapidly integrated into the fields of health and social care. Although such systems can substantially improve the provision of care, diverse and marginalized populations are often incorrectly or insufficiently represented within these systems. This review aims to assess the influence of AI on health and social care among these populations, particularly with regard to issues related to inclusivity and regulatory concerns.
Methods
We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Six leading databases were searched, and 129 articles were selected for this review in line with predefined eligibility criteria.
Results
This research revealed disparities in AI outcomes, accessibility, and representation among diverse groups due to biased data sources and a lack of representation in training datasets, which can potentially exacerbate inequalities in care delivery for marginalized communities.
Conclusion
AI development practices, legal frameworks, and policies must be reformulated to ensure that AI is applied in an equitable manner. A holistic approach must be used to address disparities, enforce effective regulations, safeguard privacy, promote inclusion and equity, and emphasize rigorous validation.
Journal Article
Geochemical evaluation of fluoride contamination in groundwater from Shanmuganadhi River basin, South India: implication on human health
In order to assess the geochemical mechanism liable for fluoride contamination in groundwater and its health effects on the people of the Shanmuganadhi River basin, Tamil Nadu, India, 61 groundwater samples were collected during post- and pre-monsoon seasons from the wells used for drinking purposes. Collected samples were analysed for various physico-chemical parameters. The parameters estimated in the present study are hydrogen ion concentration (pH), total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate (HCO3−), chloride (Cl−), sulphate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), phosphate (PO43−) and fluoride (F−). The fluoride ion concentration in the groundwater samples of this region varied from 0.01 to 2.50 mg/l and 0.01 to 3.30 mg/l during post- and pre-monsoon seasons, respectively. Out of 61 groundwater samples, 14 samples of post-monsoon season and 16 samples of pre-monsoon season represented high, very high and extremely high classes of fluoride, which cause dental fluorosis in this region. The fluoride-bearing minerals in the granitic and gneissic rocks such as apatite, hornblende, muscovite, biotite and amphiboles are the major sources for fluoride contamination in this area. In addition to the geogenic sources, applications of synthetic fertilizers in the agricultural fields also contribute significant amount of fluoride ions to groundwater. The spatial distribution of fluoride in different geological formations clearly indicate that the wells located in charnockite terrain were possessing very low fluoride concentration when compare with the wells located in the hornblende–biotite gneiss formation. Therefore, dental fluorosis risks are mostly associated with rock types in this region. People living over the basement rock comprising of hornblende–biotite gneiss are prone for fluorosis. Fluoride exhibited good positive correlation with bicarbonate in groundwater. As fluoridated endemic regions normally acquire lot of bicarbonate in groundwater samples, Shanmuganadhi basin falls under fluoride endemic category. The present study identified 26 villages in Shanmuganadhi basin as probable fluorosis risk areas where attention should be given to treat the fluoride-rich groundwater before drinking water supply. The groundwater level fluctuation study also designates that rise in water level reduces the concentration of fluoride due to dilution mechanism. Therefore, recharge of groundwater by artificial methods will definitely improve the present scenario.
Journal Article
Promoting artificial recharge to enhance groundwater potential in the lower Bhavani River basin of South India using geospatial techniques
The artificial recharge is an alternative technique to augment surface water and groundwater and for providing continuous supply of water to the demand regions. The scope of contemporary study helps in evaluation of groundwater potential zones and to find proper zones and sites for groundwater recharge using geospatial and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques. In this study, the pragmatic methodology was proposed for the implementation of water harvesting structures. The satellite and conventional datasets with field inferences were systematically processed to obtain various thematic information of the study area. The analytical hierarchical process (AHP) in geographical information system (GIS) was utilized to assign the geometric mean and the normalized weight for the individual features. Further, groundwater potential zones were identified, and they were categorized into four types viz. very high (523.58 km
2
), high (798.22 km
2
), moderate (646.04 km
2
) and low (456.66 km
2
). Nearly, 54.52% of the study area falls in the ‘very high’ to ‘high’ potential categories. The GIS-based Boolean logical method was also executed to identify suitable areas for creating recharge structures such as check dams (127.47 km
2
), percolation ponds (115.23 km
2
), flood and furrows (63.01 km
2
) and ditch and furrows (1046.31 km
2
). Based on the above results, 36 water harvesting structures were promoted to augment the groundwater resources of the basin. The highest priority was given to check dams (19 Nos), followed by percolation ponds (7 Nos), flood and furrows (5 Nos) and ditch and furrows (5 Nos). The suggested structures would improve the groundwater availability for agriculture and domestic purposes in the study area. Further, the outcomes could deliver a scientific procedure to the decision makers and water scientists for effective water resources development and management planning. Overall, the integrated remote sensing, GIS and MCDA methods are an efficient and useful tool for planning and improving groundwater recharge in the basin scale.
Journal Article
A technique for securing digital audio files based on rotation and XOR operations
Security of digital audio files is the need of the hour. In this context, researchers have proposed several techniques for the secure communication of audio files. But unfortunately, these are vulnerable to differential attack. So, we propose a WORD-oriented technique for securing digital audio files based on rotation and XOR operations. The key concepts of the designed encryption algorithm are the RX (Rotation-XOR) operations, i.e., the plain audio samples are first left-rotated by the sum-of-digits of the previous audio samples, and then XOR-ed with the previous audio samples. The designed encryption algorithm encodes a digital audio file into a random (noise-like) audio file. Several encryption and decryption evaluation metrics, such as Adjacent Sample Correlation Coefficient (ASCC), Crest Factor (CF), Number of sample Change Rate (NSCR), Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), etc., are applied on several digital audio files of varying sizes, to empirically assess the performance and efficiency of the proposed technique. The results of these metrics show that the cipher audio files have a very high key sensitivity, ideal ASCC, ideal CF, 100% NSCR score, zero MSE, and infinite PSNR. Moreover, the technique strongly resists the brute-force attack, differential attack, and other statistical attacks.
Journal Article
Grey wolf optimization algorithm-based PID controller for frequency stabilization of interconnected power generating system
In the proposed research article, the grey wolf optimization (GWO) technique is utilized to optimize the proportional (P) integral (I) derivative (D) (PID) controller/regulator gain parameters in three-area grid-connected power networks. The interconnected power plant covers thermal plants, hydro plants, and nuclear power plants. The proposed controller is used as a secondary controller in the power system to perform load frequency control (LFC). Under unforeseen load conditions, the system frequency deviates from the norm. To control and stabilize this oscillation, the LFC system is used. During the investigation, a step load perturbation of one percent (SLP 1%) is applied for the analysis of the thermal power plant. The response of the suggested optimization technique-designed regulator performance is equated with the genetic algorithm (GA)-tuned, particle swarm optimization (PSO)-tuned, and ant colony optimization (ACO) technique-tuned PID regulator response. The performance response is evidence that the GWO-based PID regulator provides a regulated response with minimal time-domain specification parameters (settling time, peak shoots) over other tuning methods. The effectiveness and robustness of the improved response of the suggested technique-optimized controller are verified with various load values (1%, 2%, and 10% SLP) and nominal parameter (
R
,
T
p
, and
T
ij
) variations (± 25% & ± 50%) from its nominal value.
Journal Article
Long-term trend detection and spatiotemporal analysis of groundwater levels using GIS techniques in Lower Bhavani River basin, Tamil Nadu, India
Groundwater resources are used in various parts of the world to meet out drinking water supply, irrigational practices and industrial applications. These valuable resources are naturally replenished by rainfall infiltration. Due to population growth and industrialization, groundwater resources are often overexploited in different parts of the world particularly in the hard rock areas. It leads to rapid declination in the groundwater level. Therefore, groundwater fluctuation with respect to space and time governs attention throughout the world for the purpose of sustainable management of water resources. In the present study, long-term trend detection and spatiotemporal variation of groundwater levels were analyzed using Geographical Information System (GIS) and performing statistical tests for the Lower Bhavani River basin, Tamil Nadu, India. For this purpose, 32 years long-term groundwater-level data (1984–2015) of 57 observation wells spread over the study area were collected from the government departments. Seasonal variation of groundwater levels was plotted spatially for pre-monsoon (March to May), post-monsoon (January and February), southwest (SW) monsoon (June to September) and northeast (NE) monsoon (October to December) seasons using GIS. The trend variation of groundwater levels was predicted by performing statistical tests such as Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator. The present study indicates that the average annual groundwater level has lowered beyond 15 m (below ground level) during all the monsoon seasons in the year 2003 and 2004, which highlights less rainfall infiltration and overexploitation of groundwater. This leads the hard rock aquifer into stress. The study also shows that the groundwater fluctuation is very high in the southeastern and northeastern parts of the basin, and it is moderate in the northern and northwestern parts of the basin. However, the fluctuation is comparatively less in the central part of the basin because of replenishment of groundwater by the Bhavani River. The trend analysis highlights that declining water table is mostly found during SW monsoon season (summer season), which is observed more than 50% area of the basin. The places such as Emmampoondi, Kumbapanai, Kandisalai, Alukuli, Perikoduveri, P.Mettupalayam, Pudupalayam, Sathyamangalam, Nallagoundanpudur, Kullampalayam and Baguthampalayam are mostly affected by the declining trend in the groundwater level. Therefore, this study recommends for the implementation of large-scale rainwater harvesting system in the Lower Bhavani River basin to augment groundwater resources.
Journal Article
Bacterial Diversity Dynamics Associated with Different Diets and Different Primer Pairs in the Rumen of Kankrej Cattle
The ruminal microbiome in herbivores plays a dominant role in the digestion of lignocellulose and has potential to improve animal productivity. Kankrej cattle, a popular native breed of the Indian subcontinent, were used to investigate the effect of different dietary treatments on the bacterial diversity in ruminal fractions using different primer pairs. Two groups of four cows were assigned to two primary diets of either dry or green forages. Each group was fed one of three dietary treatments for six weeks each. Dietary treatments were; K1 (50% dry/green roughage: 50% concentrate), K2 (75% dry/green roughage: 25% concentrate) and K3 (100% dry/green roughage). Rumen samples were collected using stomach tube at the end of each dietary period and separated into solid and liquid fractions. The DNA was extracted and amplified for V1-V3, V4-V5 and V6-V8 hypervariable regions using P1, P2 and P3 primer pairs, sequenced on a 454 Roche platform and analyzed using QIIME. Community compositions and the abundance of most bacterial lineages were driven by interactions between primer pair, dietary treatment and fraction. The most abundant bacterial phyla identified were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes however, the abundance of these phyla varied between different primer pairs; in each primer pair the abundance was dependent on the dietary treatment and fraction. The abundance of Bacteroidetes in cattle receiving K1 treatment indicate their diverse functional capabilities in the digestion of both carbohydrate and protein while the predominance of Firmicutes in the K2 and K3 treatments signifies their metabolic role in fibre digestion. It is apparent that both liquid and solid fractions had distinct bacterial community patterns (P<0.001) congruent to changes in the dietary treatments. It can be concluded that the P1 primer pair flanking the V1-V3 hyper-variable region provided greater species richness and diversity of bacterial populations in the rumen of Kankrej cattle.
Journal Article