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In many sports, athletes with low body weight have a distinct advantage over their opponents; however, this advantage can easily turn into a noticeable disadvantage because low body weight may also be associated with health problems. The present review focuses on the problem of anorexia athletica, with its emphasis on leanness and thinness in female and male sports athletes. Athletes often restrict calories and/or overexercise to achieve or maintain low body and fat masses. There is a growing body of evidence that several metabolic and endocrine disturbances are the result of prolonged energy restriction. However, the long-term outcome of such sport-related disordered eating has not been thoroughly studied. Effective methods of treatment are scarce and similar to treatment of eating disorders. Scientific studies are needed that help establish alternative regulations for sports in which a low body weight is a primary advantage for performance.

This international Delphi study, led by the European Society of Radiation Oncology as part of their Value-Based Radiation Oncology programme, brought together key experts from the radiation oncology community to build consensus on both the level of evidence and the endpoints that are essential to support clinical implementation or policy decisions (eg, reimbursement) for different types of radiotherapy innovations. Although randomised trial evidence remained a high priority across most innovation types, other evidence, such as high-quality prospective observational studies or alternative designs such as pragmatic trials, was found to be a suitable alternative in specific scenarios. In addition, the importance of a broader set of clinical endpoints beyond overall survival was acknowledged, including quality of life, local control, and functional endpoints. These consensus criteria aim to inform the development of a structured appraisal framework for radiotherapy innovation, guiding health-care providers and policy makers in identifying and promoting high-value radiotherapy that offers meaningful benefit to patients and supports implementation.

Development of obesity-associated insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus type 2 has been linked to activation of proinflammatory pathways in the liver, leading to impaired insulin signal transduction. To further define the role of hepatic NF-κB activation in this process, we have analyzed glucose metabolism in mice with liver-specific inactivation of the NF-κB essential modulator gene (NEMOL⁻KO mice) exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD). These animals are protected from the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance, highlighting the importance of hepatic NF-κB activation in this context. However, hepatic NEMO deficiency synergizes with HFD in the development of liver steatosis as a consequence of decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-α) and increased PPAR-γ expression. Steatosis interacts with increased inflammation, causing elevated apoptosis in the livers of these mice under HFD. These changes result in liver tumorigenesis of NEMOL⁻KO mice under normal diet, a process that is largely aggravated when these mice are exposed to HFD. These data directly demonstrate the interaction of hepatic inflammation, dietary composition, and metabolism in the development of liver tumorigenesis.

Early outbreak detection, allowing rapid intervention, is essential to reduce the burden of healthcare-associated pathogen transmission, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Digital, routine data-driven solutions are promising, but often proprietary, non-interoperable, or limited in functional scope. The open-source Smart Infection Control System (SmICS) offers automatic calculations and interactive views on patients' movement and lab data, epidemic curves, contact networks, complemented by temporal-spatial visualizations. It is an open-source software based on openEHR as an interoperability standard and was evaluated by assessing time efficiencies in performing basic infection control tasks (e.g., contact networks) and usability with the System Usability Scale (SUS). Evaluated at three sites, SmICS reduced the time needed for performing routine infection control tasks by up to 81.47% (68.5 min (95%CI [30.5–106.5])) reaching a SUS of 51.6 points. The study reveals time savings through the use of SmICS in daily tasks, but also identified usability issues and a need for minimizing query waiting times.

Development of obesity-associated insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus type 2 has been linked to activation of proinflammatory pathways in the liver, leading to impaired insulin signal transduction. To further define the role of hepatic NF-...B activation in this process, we have analyzed glucose metabolism in mice with liver-specific inactivation of the NF-...B essential modulator gene (NEMO... mice) exposed to a high-fat diet (HFD). These animals are protected from the development of obesity-associated insulin resistance, highlighting the importance of hepatic NF-...B activation in this context. However, hepatic NEMO deficiency synergizes with HFD in the development of liver steatosis as a consequence of decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-α) and increased PPAR-... expression. Steatosis interacts with increased inflammation, causing elevated apoptosis in the livers of these mice under HFD. These changes result in liver tumorigenesis of NEMO... mice under normal diet, a process that is largely aggravated when these mice are exposed to HFD. These data directly demonstrate the interaction of hepatic inflammation, dietary composition, and metabolism in the development of liver tumorigenesis. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae/symbols omitted.)

Air Products uses their CHEMOX™ process for advanced oxidation of a variety of waste waters, e.g. landfill leachate. The centrepiece of the CHEMOX™ process is the Impinging Zone Reactor (IZR) developed by the University of Clausthal. In the IZR waste water is intensively mixed with an ozone/oxygen mixture under atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. Due to the excellent gas mass transfer performance of the IZR no expensive pressure vessels or gas compressors are required. Pilot plant trials were performed very successfully on a landfill leachate in Germany in 1995. Results from parallel operations with a commercial venturilbubble column system and the CHEMOX™ process show a decrease in hydraulic retention time of 10.3 vs. 3.3 [h], a reduction of the O3/COD ratio of 3.2 vs 1.8 [kg/kg], and an energy consumption (without ozone generation) of 8.0 vs. 4.3 [kWh/kg ozone consumed] (meter reading) respectively. State-of-the-art, process controlled, mobile pilot plants provide the customer with the required information to accurately design and cost an effective ozone waste water treatment process.

Air Products uses their CHEMOXTM process for advanced oxidation of a variety of waste waters, e.g. landfill leachate. The centrepiece of the CHEMOXTM process is the Impinging Zone Reactor (IZR) developed by the University of Clausthal. In the IZR waste water is intensively mixed with an ozone/oxygen mixture under atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. Due to the excellent gas mass transfer performance of the IZR no expensive pressure vessels or gas compressors are required. Pilot plant trials were performed very successfully on a landfill leachate in Germany in 1995. Results from parallel operations with a commercial venturi/bubble column system and the CHEMOXTM process show a decrease in hydraulic retention time of 10.3 vs. 3.3 [h], a reduction of the O3/COD ratio of 3.2 vs 1.8 [kg/kg], and an energy consumption (without ozone generation) of 8.0 vs. 4.3 [kWh/kg ozone consumed] (meter reading) respectively. State-of-the-art, process controlled, mobile pilot plants provide the customer with the required information to accurately design and cost an effective ozone waste water treatment process.

The CHEMTOX super(TM) process is an advanced oxidation technology used to treat a variety of non-biodegradable compounds in water. The process includes the Impinging Zone Reactor, in which the wastewater is mixed with a combination of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and UV light. Results are presented from application of the CHEMTOX process to treat two different landfill leachates, which were compared to those obtained using the venturi/bubble column system. While the two systems were similar in terms of COD removal, O sub(3) concentration in the feed gas, and the energy costs, significant savings were realized for the CHEMTOX process in terms of the retention time, the O sub(3)/COD ratio, and the operating costs.