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Background: Ocular manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) affects various ocular structures including the anterior segment and ocular adnexae and may be a cause of ocular morbidity. The aim of the study is to determine the pattern of lesions affecting the anterior segment and ocular adnexae in patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS whether on highly active antiretroviral therapy or not and confirmed positive for retroviral disease by western blot attending an antiretroviral therapy clinic in Southwestern Nigeria. It is a prospective, cross-sectional study on anterior segment and ocular adnexae lesions in patients with HIV/AIDS. Materials and Methods: A total of 318 consecutive patients with the confirmation of a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS attending the antiretroviral therapy clinic within the study period from 2009 to 2010 had visual acuity evaluation, a detailed ocular examination by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. The data generated were analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 16. Ethical clearance was obtained from the hospital research ethics committee. Results: Two hundred and ninety-five (92.8%) patients of the 318 recruited had anterior segment manifestations, whereas ocular adnexal lesions were present in 134 (42.1%) patients. Multiple ocular pathology of the anterior segment and ocular adnexal was present in some of the respondents recruited. There were more female respondents. One hundred and twenty-three patients (38.7%) recruited for the study were in the 40-49 years of age group with a mean age of 47.2 years (SD = 9.42 years). The most common anterior segment lesion was corneal opacity in 18 patients (5.6%), and the most common ocular adnexal lesion was pingueculum in 56 respondents (17.6%). Other HIV/AIDS-associated adnexal lesions present include hypertrichosis in 25 patients (7.9%), herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) in 13 (4.1%), and squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva in 4 (1.3%) patients. The most common HIV-associated anterior segment pathology was HZO-associated keratouveitis seen in four patients (1.3%) and herpes simplex keratitis in one patient (0.3%). Conjunctival microangiopathy was the most common HIV-associated ocular adnexal lesion. The relationship between viral load values and lesions involving both anterior segment and ocular adnexal disease was statistically significant as these patients tended to have higher viral loads when compared with those without lesions (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Anterior segment and ocular adnexal lesions were frequent in patients with HIV/AIDS attending a tertiary health institution in urban Nigeria. HIV/AIDS-defining ocular illnesses including HZO, conjunctival microangiopathy, and ocular surface squamous cell neoplasia are not uncommon in these patients. Potentially debilitating ocular disorders may be avoided by instituting periodic ocular examinations.

Background: The prevalence of sickle cell disease (SCD) is high in Nigeria, and macular thinning is one of its ocular complications. However, there are currently no local data in the literature on macular thickness in Nigerians with SCD. This study provides comparative baseline data on the macular thickness profile of an indigenous Nigerian population to address this gap. Aims: To determine the macular thickness of participants with SCD and compare with their age- and sex-matched participants without SCD at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based comparative study conducted at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Patients with SCD aged 18 years and above were age- and sex-matched with non-SCD controls (haemoglobin AA genotype). All participants underwent a full ophthalmic examination, refraction and A-scan biometry and macular thickness was measured with an Optovue iScan spectral-domain optical coherence tomography machine. Data from the left eye of each participant were analysed with IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. Results: Seventy participants were recruited into the study and 30 (42.9%) were males. The mean age of all the subjects in the study was 35.9 ± 11.0 years. Group 1 (SCD) comprised 19 (27.1%) Hb SS and 16 (22.9%) Hb SC, whereas Group 2 (non-SCD) were 35 (50%) Hb AA subjects. The SCD group had lower mean macular thickness (MMT) of 271.1 ± 20.2 µm compared to non-SCD group with MMT of 278.5 ± 13.5 µm, but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.076). Macular thickness was generally lower in SCD group in all the ETDRS map regions of the macular compared to the non-SCD group with values ranging from 3.0 to 11.5 µm, but statistically significant difference was observed only in the inner inferior macular (P = 0.026) and inner temporal macular (P = 0.046) regions. There was no statistically significant difference in distant visual acuity between non-SCD and SCD participants (P = 0.605). Conclusion: This study observed focal macular thinning in SCD compared to non-SCD. However, focal macular thinning was not associated with poorer distant visual acuity in patients with SCD.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the 1-year outcome of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy in an eye unit in sub-Saharan Africa. Methodology: This retrospective study included 182 eyes of 172 patients managed in the vitreoretinal unit between 2016 and 2019 who were treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 ml) with at least 1 year of follow-up. The outcome measures were change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) over 1 year of follow-up, the number of injections taken, and complications. Results: The mean age was 61.1 ± 16.3 years (male-to-female ratio of 1:1.1) and about 62.1% above >60 years. A total of 330 injections were given during the period audited. The mean number of injections was 1.8 ± 0.93. Ninety-four (51.7%) eyes had only one injection, while 33 (18.1%), 50 (27.5%), and 5 (2.7%) had 2, 3, and 4 injections, respectively. About 78.5% had moderate-to-severe visual impairment at baseline and 44.5%, 16.4%, 12.6%, and 7.1% at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post injections, respectively. The mean BCVA improved for all eyes from 1.67 ± 0.91 logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) at baseline to 1.50 ± 1.27 logMAR at 1 year. The logMAR letters gained was 23 at 1 month and 8.25 at 1 year; the eyes that had three injections gained 10 letters, while those that had one injection gained three letters. Eyes with age-related macular degeneration and idiopathic polypoidal choroidopathy gained 7.5 and 9 letters, respectively, at 1 year after at least three injections. There was a statistically significant association between an increasing number of injections and improved visual outcome (P = 0.043). One patient each developed endophthalmitis (0.6%) and inferior retinal detachment (0.6%) post injection. Conclusion: Visual acuity gain was recorded in patients who had intravitreal anti-VEGF injections in 1 year. It is recommended that patients should have more than one injection.