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We generated spinal motoneurons from embryonic stem (ES) cells to determine the developmental potential of these cells in vitro and their capacity to replace motoneurons in the adult mammalian spinal cord. ES cell-derived motoneurons extended long axons, formed neuromuscular junctions, and induced muscle contraction when cocultured with myoblasts. We transplanted motoneuron-committed ES cells into the spinal cords of adult rats with motoneuron injury and found that ≈3,000 ES cell-derived motoneurons (25% of input) survived for >1 month in the spinal cord of each animal. ES cell-derived axonal growth was inhibited by myelin, and this inhibition was overcome by administration of dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) or a Rho kinase inhibitor in vitro and in vivo. In transplanted rats infused with dbcAMP, ≈80 ES cell-derived motor axons were observed within the ventral roots of each animal, whereas none were observed in transplanted rats not treated with dbcAMP. Because these cells replicate many of the developmental and mature features of true motoneurons, they are an important biological tool to understand formation of motor units in vitro and a potential therapeutic tool to reconstitute neural circuits in vivo.

Measurements are presented of inclusive charm and beauty cross sections in e(+)p collisions at HERA for values of photon virtuality Q(2) > 150 GeV2 and of inelasticity 0.1 < y < 0.7. The charm and beauty fractions are determined using a method based on the impact parameter, in the transverse plane, of tracks to the primary vertex, as measured by the H1 vertex detector. The data are divided into four regions in Q(2) and Bjorken x, and values for the structure functions F-2(c (c) over bar) and F-2(b (b) over bar) are obtained. The results are found to be compatible with the predictions of perturbative quantum chromodynamics.

A measurement is presented of inelastic photo- and electroproduction of J/q mesons in ep scattering at HERA. The data were recorded with the H1 detector in the period from 2004 to 2007. Single and double differential cross sections are determined and the helicity distributions of the J/q mesons are analysed. The results are compared to theoretical predictions in the colour singlet model and in the framework of non-relativistic QCD. Calculations in the colour singlet model using a k sub(T )factorisation ansatz are able to give a good description of the data, while colour singlet model calculations to next-to-leading order in collinear factorisation underestimate the data.

The production of jets is studied in deep-inelastic e super(+) p scattering at low negative four momentum transfer squared 5

Inclusive production of D super() mesons in deep-inelastic ep scattering at HERA is studied in the range 51.25 GeV and | eta (D super())|<1.8. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 348 pb super(-1) collected with the H1 detector. Single and double differential cross sections are measured and the charm contribution ${F_{2}c\\bar{c}}}$ to the proton structure function F sub(2) is determined. The results are compared to perturbative QCD predictions at next-to-leading order implementing different schemes for the charm mass treatment and with Monte Carlo models based on leading order matrix elements with parton showers.

A measurement is presented of the inclusive neutral current e super( plus or minus ) p scattering cross section using data collected by the H1 experiment at HERA during the years 2003 to 2007 with proton beam energies E sub( )pof 920, 575, and 460 GeV. The kinematic range of the measurement covers low absolute four-momentum transfers squared, 1.5 GeV super(2)

Inclusive production of D∗ mesons in deep-inelastic ep scattering at HERA is studied in the range 51.25 GeV and |η(D∗)|<1.8. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 348 pb−1 collected with the H1 detector. Single and double differential cross sections are measured and the charm contribution \\({F_{2}^{c\\bar{c}}}\\) to the proton structure function F2 is determined. The results are compared to perturbative QCD predictions at next-to-leading order implementing different schemes for the charm mass treatment and with Monte Carlo models based on leading order matrix elements with parton showers.

A measurement is presented of the inclusive neutral current e\\pm p scattering cross section using data collected by the H1 experiment at HERA during the years 2003 to 2007 with proton beam energies Ep of 920, 575, and 460 GeV. The kinematic range of the measurement covers low absolute four-momentum transfers squared, 1.5 GeV2 < Q2 < 120 GeV2, small values of Bjorken x, 2.9 \\cdot 10-5 < x < 0.01, and extends to high inelasticity up to y = 0.85. The structure function FL is measured by combining the new results with previously published H1 data at Ep = 920 GeV and Ep = 820 GeV. The new measurements are used to test several phenomenological and QCD models applicable in this low Q2 and low x kinematic domain.

Inclusive production of D ∗ mesons in deep-inelastic ep scattering at HERA is studied in the range 5< Q 2<100 GeV2 of the photon virtuality and 0.02< y<0.7 of the inelasticity of the scattering process. The observed phase space for the D ∗ meson is p T ( D ∗)>1.25 GeV and | η( D ∗)|<1.8. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 348 pb-1 collected with the H1 detector. Single and double differential cross sections are measured and the charm contribution {F2^{cbar{c}}} to the proton structure function F 2 is determined. The results are compared to perturbative QCD predictions at next-to-leading order implementing different schemes for the charm mass treatment and with Monte Carlo models based on leading order matrix elements with parton showers.