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Globalization makes cross-national encounters increasingly common. Hesitant cooperation across national ethnic, and cultural boundaries, however, undercuts the microlevel stabilizers of global integration and, most importantly, the willingness to share with and place trust in members of other social groups. In a 109-country online experiment, we convey information on interaction partners' nationalities to indicate membership in a broader in- or out-group, cultural distance, and perceived material neediness-or status differences more generally-to 1,674 participants in incentivized games of generosity (dictator game) and trust (trust game). We find consistent evidence for in-group favoritism and-against this benchmark-demonstrate that individuals across the globe share more with but place less trust in interaction partners from poor countries and that cultural distance moderates this status effect.

Vaccinations are important for informal caregivers and their care recipients. Mental health problems are common among care givers. The aim of this study was to investigate vaccination readiness in informal caregivers and associations with mental health issues. Associations between vaccination readiness in informal caregivers and the vaccination status of their aged care recipients were examined. Within the multicenter prospective registry study ‘Bavarian ambulatory Covid-19 Monitor (BaCoM) ‘, informal caregivers were asked for symptoms of depression (PHQ-9), burden of caretaking (BSFC-s), psychological antecedents of vaccination readiness (5C model) and previous Covid-19 infections of their care recipients. The vaccination status against Covid-19, seasonal influenza and pneumococcal disease was determined via vaccination certificates. Data analysis was performed using ordinal regressions and Mann-Whitney-U tests. Data of n = 91 informal caregivers, associated with n = 84 care recipients were collected. Symptoms of depression were associated with reduced vaccination readiness (Calculation: p = 0.026, OR = 1.18), as well as the perceived burden of caretaking (Confidence: p = 0.006, OR = 0.88). A previous Covid-19 infection of the care recipients was associated with decreased vaccination readiness of informal caregivers (Median (Q1–Q3) Confidence: 5.0 (4.5–6.0) vs. 4.0 (3.0–5.0); Calculation: 5.0 (3.0–6.0) vs. 4.0 (1.0–5.0)). The vaccination status of the care recipients interrelated significantly with vaccination readiness of their informal caregivers (Confidence: p < 0.001; Complacency: p < 0.01; Constraints p < 0.05). No significant interrelations between vaccination readiness and the vaccination status against seasonal influenza or pneumococcal disease occurred. Mental health issues of informal caregivers seem to be associated with the actual vaccination status against Covid-19 in their care recipients. Target group specific counselling as well as an active involvement of informal caregivers in shared decision-making processes can be of relevance, but even more attention should be paid to the protection of mental health for informal caregivers. Trial registration number: German Register of Clinical Studies DRKS 26039.

Investigating the association between mental health, quality of life, and SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals in need of care compared to independent living individuals. Individuals in need of care include both care home residents and those receiving care either through an outpatient care service or from family members. This cross-sectional study assessed symptoms of depression (PHQ-9 > 9) and anxiety (GAD-7 > 9), quality of life (EQ-5D-5L, EQ-VAS), dementia (SIS), SARS-CoV-2 infection and socio-demographic variables in the total sample (N = 978, 64.4% female, mean age: 77.5 ± 13.8 years) and subgroups (study group, STG, n = 532, individuals in need of care, SARS-CoV-2 positive; control group 1, CG1, n = 213, individuals in need of care, SARS-CoV-2 negative; control group 2, CG2, n = 233, independent living individuals, SARS-CoV-2 positive). Multivariate logistic regressions were performed. Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 > 9) were significantly associated with lower quality of life in the total sample (EQ-VAS: OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.95-0.97, p < 0.001; EQ-5D-5L: OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.07-0.29, p < 0.001) and across all subgroups. Anxiety (GAD-7 > 9) was significantly associated with lower quality of life in the total sample (EQ-VAS: OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95-0.98, p < 0.001; EQ-5D-5L: OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.08-0.50, p < 0.001) and all subgroups except CG1. In individuals in need of care with COVID-19, depressive symptoms were additionally associated with symptomatic infection (OR 3.47, 95% CI 1.45-8.28, p = 0.005). Depression and anxiety were significantly associated with reduced quality of life, irrespective of living environment or SARS-CoV-2 infection status, underscoring the need for targeted mental health interventions in older adults. While our model explained a considerable portion of the variability in depression and anxiety, further research is needed to account for the remaining proportion.

Der Beitrag von Alexander Lenger und Stephan Wolf (2018) zeigt, dass die Motivation von Studierenden, an sozialwissenschaftlichen Laborexperimenten teilzunehmen, heterogen ist. Das ist wenig überraschend, musste so aber auch erst einmal gezeigt werden. Darüber hinaus entwickeln die Autoren aus qualitativen Interviews - eine begrüßenswerte Methodentriangulation - eine Typologie von Experimentalteilnehmern1 bezüglich ihrer Motivation und unterscheiden den strategisch-nutzenmaximierenden Typus, den ,Interessierten Forscher‘ und den ,Kritischen Experten‘. Zu einem korrekturbedürftigen Problem für den generalisierenden Einsatz von Laborexperimenten mit Studierenden wird dieser Befund allerdings nur unter bestimmten Umständen, die im Beitrag nicht oder nicht deutlich genug herausgearbeitet werden.

Speed Pharma companies can reduce the time they take to reach FIH application by 40 percent or more, with drugs progressing from candidate nomination to the start of clinical trials in as little as 12 to 15 months (exhibit). [...]the achievable timeline varies by candidate, and may be longer in unexplored mechanisms targeting an unproven biological pathway in a disease area that is less well understood. To prevent delays at key stage gates such as candidate selection, one company empowered teams to make decisions and provided them with clear criteria to ensure compliance with internal quality standards. Candidate nomination AI-driven experiment design AI-enabled molecule optimization analytics-based decision making (such as probability of success prediction) cell culture and cell line optimization enhanced manufacturing modeling real-time data enhancementCandidate selection pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics prediction and validation efficacy prediction and validation toxicology prediction and validation dose prediction smart housing and health monitoring for animals precision animal models next-generation precision “organ on a chip” modelsFirst-in-human trials data-enabled trial design clinical-trial simulation site selection and study start-upFoundational enablers applicable across the value chain searchable knowledge repository and data catalogs, such as compounds and experiments advanced visualization integrating internal and external data, such as real-world data, genomics, etcetera data integration and standardization Optimizing preclinical development requires progressive thinking (such as questioning long-established processes), fresh ways of working (such as asking for cross-functional input early on), and a willingness to break new ground (such as entering into strategic partnerships).

Gene expression requires tight coordination of the molecular machineries that mediate transcription and splicing. While the interplay between transcription kinetics and spliceosome fidelity has been investigated before, less is known about mechanisms regulating the assembly of the spliceosomal machinery in response to transcription changes. Here, we report an association of the Smn complex, which mediates spliceosomal snRNP biogenesis, with the 7SK complex involved in transcriptional regulation. We found that Smn interacts with the 7SK core components Larp7 and Mepce and specifically associates with 7SK subcomplexes containing hnRNP R. The association between Smn and 7SK complexes is enhanced upon transcriptional inhibition leading to reduced production of snRNPs. Taken together, our findings reveal a functional association of Smn and 7SK complexes that is governed by global changes in transcription. Thus, in addition to its canonical nuclear role in transcriptional regulation, 7SK has cytosolic functions in fine-tuning spliceosome production according to transcriptional demand. The noncoding RNA 7SK controls the transcription of mRNAs. Here, the authors show that the 7SK complex interacts with the Smn complex, suggesting crosstalk between transcription and snRNP assembly.

The neuronal RNA-binding protein Ptbp2 regulates neuronal differentiation by modulating alternative splicing programs in the nucleus. Such programs contribute to axonogenesis by adjusting the levels of protein isoforms involved in axon growth and branching. While its functions in alternative splicing have been described in detail, cytosolic roles of Ptbp2 for axon growth have remained elusive. Here, we show that Ptbp2 is located in the cytosol including axons and growth cones of motoneurons, and that depletion of cytosolic Ptbp2 affects axon growth. We identify Ptbp2 as a major interactor of the 3’ UTR of Hnrnpr mRNA encoding the RNA-binding protein hnRNP R. Axonal localization of Hnrnpr mRNA and local synthesis of hnRNP R protein are strongly reduced when Ptbp2 is depleted, leading to defective axon growth. Ptbp2 regulates hnRNP R translation by mediating the association of Hnrnpr with ribosomes in a manner dependent on the translation factor eIF5A2. Our data thus suggest a mechanism whereby cytosolic Ptbp2 modulates axon growth by fine-tuning the mRNA transport and local synthesis of an RNA-binding protein. The neuronal RNA-binding protein Ptbp2 is known to regulate neuronal differentiation by modulating alternative splicing. Here, the authors reveal an additional role of cytosolic Ptbp2, which regulates axon growth by fine-tuning the mRNA transport and local synthesis of an RNA-binding protein hnRNP R.

Modern agriculture is facing multiple challenges including the necessity for a substantial increase in production to meet the needs of a burgeoning human population. Water shortage is a deleterious consequence of both population growth and climate change and is one of the most severe factors limiting global crop productivity. Brassica species, particularly canola varieties, are cultivated worldwide for edible oil, animal feed, and biodiesel, and suffer dramatic yield loss upon drought stress. The recent release of the Brassica napus genome supplies essential genetic information to facilitate identification of drought-related genes and provides new information for agricultural improvement in this species. Here we summarize current knowledge regarding drought responses of canola, including physiological and -omics effects of drought. We further discuss knowledge gained through translational biology based on discoveries in the closely related reference species Arabidopsis thaliana and through genetic strategies such as genomewide association studies and analysis of natural variation. Knowledge of drought tolerance/resistance responses in canola together with research outcomes arising from new technologies and methodologies will inform novel strategies for improvement of drought tolerance and yield in this and other important crop species.

The number of industries using drones is increasing. Although early research was conducted on drones, the prior literature has not emphasized consumer adoption of drones for item delivery. Consequently, this study investigates whether customers are open to receiving packages from drones. This study also examines the elements that influence customers’ willingness to adopt drone package delivery. This study fills a gap in the logistics and service research by examining people’s concerns regarding using drones. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) serves as the basis for the conceptual framework. A self-administered online survey is deployed. The results demonstrate that perceived privacy risks negatively influence performance and effort expectancy as well as facilitating conditions and social influence. This study further validates the UTAUT2 by confirming the influence of performance expectancy and facilitating conditions on attitudes toward adopting drones. Moreover, this study confirms the positive influence of attitude on behavior. This study has managerial implications, one of which is the suggestion that the deployment and use of drones should minimize interference with people’s privacy.