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This article reports Australia's first confirmed ancient underwater archaeological sites from the continental shelf, located off the Murujuga coastline in north-western Australia. Details on two underwater sites are reported: Cape Bruguieres, comprising > 260 recorded lithic artefacts at depths down to -2.4 m below sea level, and Flying Foam Passage where the find spot is associated with a submerged freshwater spring at -14 m. The sites were discovered through a purposeful research strategy designed to identify underwater targets, using an iterative process incorporating a variety of aerial and underwater remote sensing techniques and diver investigation within a predictive framework to map the submerged landscape within a depth range of 0-20 m. The condition and context of the lithic artefacts are analysed in order to unravel their depositional and taphonomic history and to corroborate their in situ position on a pre-inundation land surface, taking account of known geomorphological and climatic processes including cyclone activity that could have caused displacement and transportation from adjacent coasts. Geomorphological data and radiometric dates establish the chronological limits of the sites and demonstrate that they cannot be later than 7000 cal BP and 8500 cal BP respectively, based on the dates when they were finally submerged by sea-level rise. Comparison of underwater and onshore lithic assemblages shows differences that are consistent with this chronological interpretation. This article sets a foundation for the research strategies and technologies needed to identify archaeological targets at greater depth on the Australian continental shelf and elsewhere, building on the results presented. Emphasis is also placed on the need for legislation to better protect and manage underwater cultural heritage on the 2 million square kilometres of drowned landscapes that were once available for occupation in Australia, and where a major part of its human history must lie waiting to be discovered.

Data Availability With permission from the Traditional Owners, the underlying data for the artefacts reported in this study [1] have now been provided as Supporting Information on this notice (S1 File) and additionally uploaded to a data repository and can be found at: https://doi.org/10.25451/flinders.21907413.v1 Within the underlying data folder, S4_table reports 483 terrestrial artefacts recorded from the Cape Bruguieres (CB) site. The same test was done for differences in artefact types, which also demonstrated a statistical significance (X2 (df = 6, N = 518) = 69.87, simulated p<0.001) with a moderate to strong effect size (V = 0.37). Additional Methodological Information Tidal data As stated in the subsection titled Aerial drone survey in the methodology section of [1], “A DJI Phantom 4 Pro and Mavic 2 were flown with automated flight planning software (Drone Deploy) and employed two survey strategies: single-line transects flown between 75–20 ft above the ground level (AGL); and large-area surveys flown at 82 ft AGL with a frontlap of 75% and a sidelap of 70% to produce a ground sample distance of 1 cm. The residual plot for the chi-squared test of artefact sizes from the Cape Bruguieres platform (land) and channel (submerged) assemblages is provided as S2_fig in S1 File.

Background Migrants' participation in health research is essential to give voice to their needs and inform evidence‐based practice. We conducted a mixed‐methods study with migrants living in Leicester, United Kingdom, to understand their perceptions of participation in health research and factors influencing participation. Methods Our study included a questionnaire and focus groups with migrants. Interviews and focus groups were also conducted with key informants. The study was carried out at two sites in Leicester. Questionnaire data were analysed descriptively in R. The COM‐B framework was used to thematically analyse interview and focus group transcripts. Workshops with public members of migrant origin helped with data interpretation and analysis. Results 119 questionnaires and 4 focus groups (n = 28) were completed with migrants. Seven interviews and one focus group (n = 7) were conducted with key informants. Questionnaire respondents originated from 34 different countries, with a significant proportion (25%) identifying themselves as asylum seekers/refugees. Migrants in the focus groups were from 16 different countries and were mainly asylum seekers/refugees (n = 18). The three components of the COM‐B model (Capability, Opportunity and Motivation) were identified as the main themes, and descriptive statistics from the questionnaire data have been used to supplement the 16 sub‐themes. Individual capabilities encompassing awareness and perception of research, language abilities and skills in the use of technology significantly influenced participation. Simultaneously, the presence or absence of opportunities such as costs, competing needs and priorities, healthcare access and experiences in the United Kingdom, language barriers, opportunities for learning and taking part, precarious living conditions and socio‐cultural norms and perceptions about health were found to be important for research participation. Motivations to take part in research included trust, context of the research, need‐based research, altruism, desire to be heard and receiving incentives. Conclusion Our study contributes to the limited evidence base exploring migrants' participation in health research. Our findings, grounded in the COM‐B model, exhibit how migrants' motivations, influenced by a host of individual capabilities and environmental and social opportunities, can influence motivation and impact research participation behaviour. These findings may support the design of accessible, inclusive, equitable and impactful health research involving underserved groups. Patient or Public Contribution Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) in the project was obtained through the EMBRACE (East Midlands Migrant Research Advisory Collaborative) group, which was created as a migrant specific advisory group in 2019. We recruited new migrant members into the group and involved them in the interpretation of the study results. We organised two workshops with the group, and in the first workshop, held in February 2024, nine members took part to review the preliminary results and offer insights in contextualising and interpreting the data. The research team took into consideration the feedback received at the workshop and integrated it into the analysis. The final analysis was presented to the group again in September 2024, and the discussions held at that workshop were instrumental in shaping this manuscript.

Abstract OP 10: Determinants of Health Disease and Interventions 2, B207 (FCSH), September 3, 2025, 15:45 - 16:45 Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health concern. Although low-income countries are disproportionately affected by AMR, certain underserved groups in high-income countries (HICs), such as migrants and ethnic minorities, disproportionately bear the burden of AMR. This may be driven by socio-cultural factors including differences in health literacy. This review aimed to: (a) investigate the level of antibiotic knowledge amongst different ethnic groups in HICs; (b) explore possible differences in antibiotic knowledge between ethnic ‘majority’ and ethnic ‘minority’ groups in HICs and; (c) propose implications of this evidence for future research and practice. We searched four databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane library, CINAHL) to 5th May 2023, for primary studies on knowledge of antibiotics in different ethnic groups in HICs. We included studies in English using qualitative, quantitative and/or mixed-methods approaches reporting on antibiotic knowledge by ethnicity. We used the convergent integrated approach for data synthesis and the Mixed-Methods Appraisal tool for quality assessment. 3935 articles were screened and 24 studies (17 quantitative, 5 qualitative, and 2 mixed-methods) were included, comprising 52778 participants from 8 countries (USA, UK, Australia, New Zealand, Netherlands, Greece, Sweden, Germany). Overall, participants from ethnic minority groups were able to identify common names of antibiotics and were aware of risks of antibiotics and side effects. However, there was a misconception that antibiotics would treat viral illnesses. Ethnic minority groups generally had lower levels of knowledge compared to ethnic majority groups. Although ethnic minority communities possessed good levels of knowledge on certain aspects of antibiotics (e.g. able to identify names of antibiotics), there were gaps in other areas (e.g. misperception that antibiotics are used for viral infections). The lower level of knowledge in ethnic minority groups in HICs may be one of the contributing factors to health inequalities, which calls for co-designed, culturally competent, educational interventions.

Migrants are at increased risk of infections including HIV, tuberculosis and viral hepatitis, with poorer outcomes. Early diagnosis and management can reduce morbidity, mortality and onward transmission. This systematic review summarises prevalence of HIV, latent and active tuberculosis and hepatitis B and C among UK migrants and evaluates associated risk factors. PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched from 2004 to 11 June 2025. The review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines and registered with PROSPERO (registration CRD42024521191). Quality assessment was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies. High heterogeneity (I  = 95.2%, 99.2%, 87.2%, 96.9% and 91.6% for IGRA, active TB, HIV, HBV and HCV yields, respectively) indicated that meta-analysis was not appropriate. The impact of risk factors on prevalence was explored through meta-regression and descriptive analysis. Of 2033 identified records, 36 were included, reporting Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) (n = 13), active TB (n = 10), HIV (n = 12), HBV (n = 16) and HCV (n = 11) test yields. An additional two publications excluded from the main analysis for reporting duplicate study data were included in the risk factor analysis because they stratified prevalence by additional risk factors. Highest yield was for IGRA which, excluding one lower prevalence outlier (6.9% (n = 1617)), was 15.1%-22.1%. There was high heterogeneity in active TB prevalence: 62-1,484/100,000. HIV prevalence among larger studies (n > 200) was 0.18%-0.48%. HBV prevalence was 0.00%-8.93% (all studies) and 1.06%-4.75% for larger studies (n > 1000). HCV prevalence was lower: 0.00%-1.67%, with only two of 11 included estimates above 0.50%. There was considerable heterogeneity in risk factors analysed making comparisons difficult. Despite heterogeneity, infection prevalence was generally high, particularly IGRA yield and HBV. This underscores the need to maintain effective monitoring, testing and treatment for key infections among migrant populations, especially given the rapidly evolving epidemiological and demographic landscape for this population.

We present a numerical study, using the vortex filament model, of vortex tangles in a flow of pure superfluid 4 He in the T = 0 limit through a channel of width D = 1  mm for various applied velocities V . The flat channel walls are assumed to be microscopically rough such that vortices terminating at the walls are permanently pinned; vortices are liberated from their pinned ends exclusively through self-reconnection with their images. Sustained tangles were observed, for a period of 80 s, above the critical velocity V c ∼ 0.20  cm s - 1 = 20 κ D . The coarse-grained velocity profile was akin to a classical parabolic profile of the laminar Poiseuille flow, albeit with a nonzero slip velocity ∼ 0.20 cm s - 1 at the walls. The friction force was found to be proportional to the applied velocity. The effective kinematic viscosity was ν ′ ∼ 0.1 κ , and effective Reynolds numbers within Re ′ < 200 . The fraction of the polarised vortex length varied between zero in the middle of the channel and ∼ 60% within the shear flow regions ∼ D / 4 from the walls. Therefore, we studied a state of statically polarised ultraquantum (Vinen) turbulence fuelled at short length scales by vortex reconnections, including those with vortex images due to the relative motion between the vortex tangle and the pinning rough surface.

Introduction The prevalence of undiagnosed HIV is declining in Africa, and various HIV testing approaches are finding lower positivity rates. In this context, the epidemiological impact and cost‐effectiveness of community‐based HIV self‐testing (CB‐HIVST) is unclear. We aimed to assess this in different sub‐populations and across scenarios characterized by different adult HIV prevalence and antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub‐Saharan Africa. Methods The synthesis model was used to address this aim. Three sub‐populations were considered for CB‐HIVST: (i) women having transactional sex (WTS); (ii) young people (15 to 24 years); and (iii) adult men (25 to 49 years). We assumed uptake of CB‐HIVST similar to that reported in epidemiological studies (base case), or assumed people use CB‐HIVST only if exposed to risk (condomless sex) since last HIV test. We also considered a five‐year time‐limited CB‐HIVST programme. Cost‐effectiveness was defined by an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER; cost‐per‐disability‐adjusted life‐year (DALY) averted) below US $500 over a time horizon of 50 years. The efficiency of targeted CB‐HIVST was evaluated using the number of additional tests per infection or death averted. Results In the base case, targeting adult men with CB‐HIVST offered the greatest impact, averting 1500 HIV infections and 520 deaths per year in the context of a simulated country with nine million adults, and impact could be enhanced by linkage to voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC). However, the approach was only cost‐effective if the programme was limited to five years or the undiagnosed prevalence was above 3%. CB‐HIVST to WTS was the most cost‐effective. The main drivers of cost‐effectiveness were the cost of CB‐HIVST and the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV. All other CB‐HIVST scenarios had an ICER above US$ 500 per DALY averted. Conclusions CB‐HIVST showed an important epidemiological impact. To maximize population health within a fixed budget, CB‐HIVST needs to be targeted on the basis of the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV, sub‐population and the overall costs of delivering this testing modality. Linkage to VMMC enhances its cost‐effectiveness.

Migrants arriving in the United Kingdom (UK), many of whom experience vulnerability before and during migration, face a double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases shaped by cumulative exposures in their countries of origin, across the migration journey, and compounded by fragmented access to care upon arrival. Despite improvements in pre-entry health assessments, post-arrival provision in reception centres remains inconsistent, with significant gaps in infectious disease screening, mental health support, medication continuity, and timely registration with a general practitioner (GP). Community-led initiatives like Doctors of the World’s Safe Surgeries and the Oxford Refugee Health Initiative promote inclusive healthcare access, yet remain limited in scale. Using a social determinants of health (SDH) lens, this perspective highlights how structural barriers—including overcrowded accommodation, language challenges, and unclear entitlements—undermine the effectiveness of existing health policies and widen inequalities. We propose an essential care package for UK migrant reception centres that integrates early screening, stable access to medicines, mental health assessment, environmental health measures, and robust continuity of care for non-communicable diseases through clear referral pathways into the National Health Service (NHS). Embedding this approach within current public health infrastructure would reduce preventable morbidity, strengthen health system efficiency, and advance the UK’s commitment to Sustainable Development Goals. Strengthening care at the point of arrival is therefore critical to promoting health equity and ensuring that no one is left behind.

We present a numerical study, using the vortex filament model, of vortex tangles in a flow of pure superfluid$$^4$$4 He in the$$T = 0$$T = 0 limit through a channel of width$$D = 1$$D = 1  mm for various applied velocities V . The flat channel walls are assumed to be microscopically rough such that vortices terminating at the walls are permanently pinned; vortices are liberated from their pinned ends exclusively through self-reconnection with their images. Sustained tangles were observed, for a period of 80 s, above the critical velocity$$V_c \\sim 0.20$$V c ∼ 0.20  cm s$$^{-1} = 20 \\frac{\\kappa }{D}$$- 1 = 20 κ D . The coarse-grained velocity profile was akin to a classical parabolic profile of the laminar Poiseuille flow, albeit with a nonzero slip velocity$$\\sim$$∼ 0.20 cm s$$^{-1}$$- 1 at the walls. The friction force was found to be proportional to the applied velocity. The effective kinematic viscosity was$$\\nu ' \\sim 0.1\\kappa$$ν ′ ∼ 0.1 κ , and effective Reynolds numbers within$$\\mathrm {Re'} < 200$$Re ′ < 200 . The fraction of the polarised vortex length varied between zero in the middle of the channel and$$\\sim$$∼ 60% within the shear flow regions$$\\sim D/4$$∼ D / 4 from the walls. Therefore, we studied a state of statically polarised ultraquantum (Vinen) turbulence fuelled at short length scales by vortex reconnections, including those with vortex images due to the relative motion between the vortex tangle and the pinning rough surface.

ObjectivesIn 2019, the WHO released guidelines on HIV testing service (HTS). We aim to assess the adoption of six of these recommendations on HIV testing strategies among African countries.DesignPolicy review.Setting47 countries within the WHO African region.ParticipantsNational HTS policies from the WHO African region as of December 2021.Primary and secondary outcome measures: Uptake of WHO recommendations across national HTS policies including the standard three-test strategy; discontinuation of a tiebreaker test to rule in HIV infection; discontinuation of western blotting (WB) for HIV diagnosis; retesting prior to antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation and the use of dual HIV/syphilis rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) in antenatal care. Country policy adoption was assessed on a continuum, based on varying levels of complete adoption.ResultsNational policies were reviewed for 96% (n=45/47) of countries in the WHO African region, 38% (n=18) were published before 2019 and 60% (n=28) adopted WHO guidance. Among countries that had not fully adopted WHO guidance, not yet adopting a three-test strategy was the most common reason for misalignment (45%, 21/47); of which 31% and 22% were in low-prevalence (<5%) and high-prevalence (≥5%) countries, respectively. Ten policies (21%) recommended the use of WB and 49% (n=23) recommended retesting before ART initiation. Dual HIV/syphilis RDTs were recommended in 45% (n=21/47) of policies.ConclusionsMany countries in the African region have adopted WHO-recommended HIV testing strategies; however, efforts are still needed to fully adopt WHO guidance. Countries should accelerate their efforts to adopt and implement a three-test strategy, retesting prior to ART initiation and the use of dual HIV/syphilis RDTs.