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The objective of this study was to characterize the factors that influence the outcome of exposure to hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 (HCV-G4) and the course of recent infection. In this longitudinal study, we prospectively assessed the clinical, genetic, virological, and immunological parameters and retrospectively determined single-nucleotide polymorphisms at interleukin-28B (IL-28B) rs12979860 in a well-characterized large cohort recently exposed to HCV-G4. A total of 136 subjects with acute HCV (new viremia, seroconversion, and HCV-specific T-cell responses) were identified. Forty-eight subjects (35%) had spontaneous viral clearance and 88 subjects developed chronic HCV of which 42 subjects were treated with pegylated interferon monotherapy, with a sustained virologic response (SVR) rate of 88%. Twenty-six subjects developed HCV-specific T-cell immune responses without detectable viremia or seroconversion. IL-28B-CC (odds ratio (OR) 14.22; P<0.0001), multispecific T-cell responses (OR=11.66; P<0.0001), >300 IU/l alanine aminotransferase (ALT) decline within 4 weeks (OR=6.83; P<0.0001), jaundice (OR=3.54; P=0.001), female gender (OR=2.39; P=0.007), and >2.5 log10 HCV-RNA drop within 8 weeks (OR=2.48; P=0.016) were independently associated with spontaneous clearance. ALT normalization and undetectable HCV-RNA predicted SVR. Exposed apparently uninfected participants had a higher frequency of IL-28B-CC than patients with unresolved acute HCV (P<0.001). IL-28B-CC was associated with multispecific T-cell response (r(2)=0.0.835; P<0.001). IL-28B-CC genotype, multispecific HCV T-cell responses, rapid decline in ALT, and viral load predict spontaneous clearance and response to acute HCV-G 4 therapy. IL-28B-CC genotype correlates with developing early multispecific T-cell responses. These findings have important implications for predicting the outcome of HCV exposure and acute infection and identifying patients likely to benefit from therapy.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease, end stage liver disease and liver cancer in Egypt. Genotype 4 is the prevalent genotype in Egypt and has recently spread to Southern Europe particularly France, Italy, Greece and Spain. Recently, new direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have caused a revolution in HCV therapy with response rates approaching 100%. Despite the diversity of DAAs, treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 has not yet been optimized. The aim of this study is to build a framework to predict the response of chronic HCV genotype 4 patients to various DAAs by applying Data Mining Techniques (DMT) on clinical information. The framework consists of three phases which are data preprocessing phase to prepare the data before applying the DMT; DM phase to apply DMT, evaluation phase to evaluate the performance and accuracy of the built prediction model using a data mining evaluation technique. The experimental results showed that the model obtained acceptable results.

The biopreservation, flavoring, and coloration of foodstuffs, e.g., seafoods, with natural plant derivatives are major demands for consumers and overseers. Different colored plant parts, i.e., Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces, Curcuma longa rhizomes, and Rhus coriaria fruits, were extracted and evaluated as biopreservatives, antimicrobial and colorant agents for fish surimi from Oreochromis niloticus. All colorant plant extracts (CPEs) exhibited strong antibacterial activities against screened pathogens, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. H. sabdariffa extract (HCE) was the most effectual antimicrobial CPEs. S. aureus was the most sensitive strain to CPEs, whereas S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa were the most resistant strains. The exterior coloration of tilapia surimi with CPEs resulted in great bacterial count reduction in colored products; stored CPEs-colored surimi had enhanced sensorial attributes. HCE-exposed S. aureus indicated bacterial cell lyses in time-dependent manner. CPEs application as colorants and antibacterial and quality enhancing agents is recommended for seafoods’ biopreservation.

In vitro and in vivo experiments have been conducted to investigate the effect of the acetone extract of Capsicum annuum (ACA) and the fungicide Eminent (EMT) on Alternaria leaf spot (ALS) disease of sugar beet in Egypt. In vitro, the ACA was more effective than the fungicide, EMT as to its effect on linear growth inhibition of Alternaria alternate measured by IC50 (the concentration inhibiting 50% of linear fungal growth). Sixteen bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in ACA by Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis as follows: pentadecanoic acid, 14- methyl and methyl ester followed by n- Hexadecanoic acid, 1-(+) Ascorbic acid 2.6-dihexadecanoate, 6.9- Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ether, 10- Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, Ethanol, 2-(9, 12- octadecadienyloxy)-, (Z, Z), 9, 12- octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z),  17- Octadecynoic acid, Oleic Acid, Cis- vaccenic acid, 2- myristynoyl pantetheine, Adipic acid, di(oct-4-yl ester), Di isooctyl adipate, alpha- Naphthyl red 1- Naphthalenamine, 4(phenylazo), Di -n- octyl phthalate 1,2- Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dioctyl ester and capsaicin. Identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time of molecular weight, and molecular formula. In vivo experiments, the efficacy % of ACA treatment in reducing ALS was higher than treatment of EMT. Both treatments led to an increase in the total yield, sucrose %, and white sugar.

Aims The primary aim was to monitor the healing of the periapical radiolucencies of adolescents’ mature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis after root canal retreatment with two REPs techniques at 24 months of follow-up. The secondary aim was to assess clinical outcomes and positive responses of retreated teeth to pulp sensibility tests. Methodology Forty adolescents with 48 teeth were enroled and randomly allocated into two equal groups after being matched according to their periapical index (PAI) scores. Root canal retreatment was performed with blood clot (BC) formation in one group and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in the other group. The healing process was tracked using standardized two-dimensional radiographic images to record the changes in the PAI scores after 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Additionally, the clinical signs and symptoms and the positive responses to pulp sensibility tests were monitored. The difference between the PAI medians was analysed using the Mann–Whitney U test. The main impact of time on the PAI values and the interaction between time and the REPs technique were assessed using the general linear model (GLM). The alpha level of significance was 5%. Results After two years of follow-up, there was no significant difference between the two groups clinically and in the PAI medians. The overall success rates in the BC and PRF groups were 95% and 100%, respectively ( P  > 0.05). Positive pulp responses were detected in 71% of the BC group and 73% in the PRF group ( P  > 0.05). The EPT mean values in the BC and PRF groups were 40.86 ± 6.60 and 37.9 ± 15.22, respectively ( P  > 0.05). Time had a significant impact on the PAI scores over the follow-up periods ( P  > 0.0001), while the interaction effect of time with the REPs technique had no significant effect on the PAI scores ( P  = 0.126). Conclusions REPs were effective in the retreatment of mature maxillary permanent incisors with apical periodontitis with a comparable reduction in the periapical radiolucencies and clinical outcomes associated with approximately similar positive responses to thermal and electric pulp tests.

The primary aim was to monitor the healing of the periapical radiolucencies of adolescents' mature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis after root canal retreatment with two REPs techniques at 24 months of follow-up. The secondary aim was to assess clinical outcomes and positive responses of retreated teeth to pulp sensibility tests. Forty adolescents with 48 teeth were enroled and randomly allocated into two equal groups after being matched according to their periapical index (PAI) scores. Root canal retreatment was performed with blood clot (BC) formation in one group and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in the other group. The healing process was tracked using standardized two-dimensional radiographic images to record the changes in the PAI scores after 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Additionally, the clinical signs and symptoms and the positive responses to pulp sensibility tests were monitored. The difference between the PAI medians was analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The main impact of time on the PAI values and the interaction between time and the REPs technique were assessed using the general linear model (GLM). The alpha level of significance was 5%. After two years of follow-up, there was no significant difference between the two groups clinically and in the PAI medians. The overall success rates in the BC and PRF groups were 95% and 100%, respectively (P > 0.05). Positive pulp responses were detected in 71% of the BC group and 73% in the PRF group (P > 0.05). The EPT mean values in the BC and PRF groups were 40.86 ± 6.60 and 37.9 ± 15.22, respectively (P > 0.05). Time had a significant impact on the PAI scores over the follow-up periods (P > 0.0001), while the interaction effect of time with the REPs technique had no significant effect on the PAI scores (P = 0.126). REPs were effective in the retreatment of mature maxillary permanent incisors with apical periodontitis with a comparable reduction in the periapical radiolucencies and clinical outcomes associated with approximately similar positive responses to thermal and electric pulp tests.

Natural languages are universal and flexible, but cannot exist without ambiguity. Having more than one attitude and meaning in the same phrase context is the main cause for word or phrase ambiguity. Most previous work on emotion analysis has only covered single-label classification and neglected the presence of multiple emotion labels in one instance. This paper presents multi-emotion classification in Twitter based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The applied features are emotion lexicons, word embeddings and frequency distribution. The proposed networks performance is evaluated using state-of-the-art classification algorithms, achieving a hamming score range from 0.46 to 0.52 on the challenging SemEval2018 Task E-c.

BackgroundStroke is the most common acquired neurological disease in the adult population worldwide with an incidence of 16 million new cases every year responsible for about 6.1 million deaths and 130.6 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). The objectives of this work were to study the level of stroke awareness and the proper response for suspected stroke patients in urban and rural areas of Tanta City, Egypt. The study was conducted on 1869 Egyptian Citizens; 908 and 961 reside in urban and rural areas, respectively, who were submitted to a face-to-face interview using the stroke awareness questionnaire (Arabic version).ResultsRural participants showed a significant reduction in acute cerebrovascular stroke (CVS) awareness and knowledge including the most affected organ by CVS, what are the risk factors, what are the early stroke symptoms, is there specific treatment for acute ischemic stroke, and what is the proper reaction when confronted with a case of acute CVS?ConclusionUrban populations have better recognition of stroke risk factors, early stroke symptoms, and the proper response when confronted with a case of acute CVS when compared with rural people possibly due to better socioeconomic status and higher educational levels.

BackgroundThe description of childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) a benign self-limited generalized epilepsy has become a matter of debate. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the existence of psychiatric and cognitive impairments among patients with typical CAE and to correlate their possible relation to seizure frequency, duration of epilepsy, IISL, and valproate therapy.MethodsThe study was conducted on 19 typical CAE patients receiving valproate therapy, 11 newly diagnosed CAE patients not receiving AEDs, and 30 healthy control subjects (HCS). Participants were subjected to medical history taking, EEG monitoring, child behavior checklist (CBCL), Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale 5th edition, and computerized psychometric tests that assess cognitive domains and executive functions.ResultsThe study revealed a high rate of cognitive and psychiatric dysfunctions in CAE patients. 53.3% of patients had psychiatric problems versus 16.6% in HCS. Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) (26.6%), anxiety (16.6%), and depression (6.6%) were the most common psychiatric disorders in the patient group. Withdrawn/depressed symptoms, thought problems, social problems, and attention problems in CAE patients were significantly increased compared to HCS. At the same time, CAE patients perform worse in cognitive scales than HCS with comparable intelligent quotient (IQ) scores.ConclusionCognitive and psychiatric impairments in typical CAE patients appear multifactorial in origin with epilepsy-related factors including the duration of epilepsy and interictal spike load (IISL).