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Moral injury has emerged as a construct of interest in healthcare workers’ (HCW) occupational stress and health. We conducted one of the first multidisciplinary, longitudinal studies evaluating the relationship between exposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs), burnout, and turnover intentions. HCWs ( N  = 473) completed surveys in May of 2020 (T1) and again in May of 2021 (T2). Generalized Linear Models (robust Poisson regression) were used to test relative risk of turnover intentions, and burnout at T2 associated with PMIE exposure, controlling for T1 covariates. At T1, 17.67% reported they had participated in a PMIE, 41.44% reported they witnessed a PMIE and 76.61% reported feeling betrayed by healthcare or a public health organization. In models including all T1 PMIE exposures and covariates, T2 turnover intentions were increased for those who witnessed a PMIE at T1 (Relative Risk [RR] = 1.66, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.17–2.34) but not those that participated or felt betrayed. T2 burnout was increased for those who participated in PMIE at T1 (RR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.03–1.85) but not those that witnessed or felt betrayed. PMIE exposure is highly prevalent among HCWs, with specific PMIEs associated with turnover intentions and burnout. Organizational interventions to reduce and facilitate recovery from moral injury should account for differences in the type of PMIE exposures that occur in healthcare work environments.

Rumination is a transdiagnostic construct associated with poor outcomes broadly. Though extant research indicates anxiety sensitivity (AS) cognitive concerns is associated with, and a risk factor for, excessive rumination, behavioral constructs that may account for this relation have not been specified. Cognitive fusion may be one such construct, in that individuals with high AS cognitive concerns may become overly entangled in and influenced by unwanted cognition, leading to rumination. However, relations of AS cognitive concerns, cognitive fusion, and rumination have not been identified. The present study aimed to identify the variance accounted for by cognitive fusion in the AS cognitive concerns-rumination relation using conditional process analysis on cross-sectional data provided by college students ( N  = 368). All variables were positively correlated, and bootstrapped analyses indicated cognitive fusion accounted for significant variance in the relation of AS cognitive concerns and rumination, ab  = 1.03, SE  = 0.11, 95% CI [0.82, 1.26]. Additional research evaluating the applicability of cognitive fusion as an intervention strategy for individuals struggling with high AS cognitive concerns and rumination appears warranted.

PurposeBurnout is an issue affecting not only individual officers, but also the agencies they work for and the communities they serve. Despite its prevalence, there is limited evidence for effective interventions that address officer burnout. This study aims to advance this area of study by identifying organizational factors associated with police burnout. By identifying these factors, stakeholders interested in officer wellness will have more clearly defined targets for intervention.Design/methodology/approachSelf-report data were gathered from US police officers partitioned into command staff (n = 125), detective (n = 41), and patrol officer (n = 191) samples. Bootstrapped correlations were calculated between 20 organizational stressors and officer burnout.FindingsFindings revealed several shared organizational stressors associated with burnout regardless of role (command staff, detective, patrol officer), as well as several role-specific organizational stressors strongly associated with burnout. Together, these findings suggest utility in considering broad-based organizational interventions and role-specific interventions to affect burnout amidst varying job duties.Research limitations/implicationsPrimary limitations to consider when interpreting these results include sample homogeneity, unequal subsample sizes, cross-sectional data limitations, and the need for implementation of interventions to test the experimental effects of reducing identified organizational stressors.Practical implicationsThis study may provide command staff and consulting parties with targets to improve departmental conditions and officer burnout.Originality/valueThis represents the first study to evaluate organizational stressors by their strength of association with burnout across a stratified police sample.

Objectives Extant research indicates a robust association between anxiety and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). However, research identifying factors that may account for this relation is lacking. Mindfulness is one candidate construct that may account for the relation of anxiety to NSSI. The objective of the present study was to examine the indirect relation of anxiety to recurrent NSSI and NSSI versatility (i.e., the number of different NSSI methods used) through overall and specific facets of mindfulness while controlling for participant sex and depression symptoms. Methods Undergraduates ( N  = 339; Female = 76.4%), of whom approximately 14% reported recurrent NSSI behavior, completed the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21, and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. Four path-analytic regression analyses were conducted. Results Results revealed significant positive indirect relations of anxiety to recurrent NSSI and NSSI versatility through low total mindfulness, [95% CIs [0.001, 0.024] and [0.001, 0.008], respectively. Examination of mindfulness facets indicated significant positive indirect relations of anxiety to recurrent NSSI and NSSI versatility through nonjudging only, 95% CIs [0.001, 0.033] and [0.0001, 0.012], respectively. Conclusions Mindfulness partially accounts for NSSI behavior among individuals struggling with anxiety.

Police officers encounter stressors as a result of job responsibilities that contribute to high rates of occupational burnout. Defined by three primary components (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and professional inefficacy), burnout is associated with health- and workrelated problems among officers. In addition, police agencies incur significant costs associated with burnout due to performance decline and turnover. Officer burnout is also a matter of public interest given that burnout is associated with low prosocial behavior and high use of force. As such, research that aims to explore the formation and maintenance of officer burnout may be consequential for the profession and society at large. At one level, organizational context (e.g., job resources, job demands) broadly accounts for burnout. Yet, substantial variance in burnout remains unexplained within these statistical models, likely due to a failure to account for variation of personal resources at the individual level. One model of personal resources, psychological flexibility, specifies a behavioral skillset that includes openness to experience, behavioral awareness, and valued action. Notably, psychological flexibility independently accounts for variance in self-reported burnout, though no research has identified the contribution of job resources, job demands, and psychological flexibility processes to burnout within a comprehensive statistical network. Accordingly, the present study aimed to specify an integrated model via network analysis of psychological flexibility and burnout within the organizational context of police officers (N = 211) recruited from U.S. police agencies. Several differential associations were identified. Emotional exhaustion was primarily associated with job resources, job demands, and openness to experience. Depersonalization was associated with behavioral awareness and job demands. Professional efficacy was primarily associated with valued action and behavioral awareness. Collectively, the network model suggests police officer burnout is jointly accounted for by organizational context and individual differences of personal resources. Present limitations notwithstanding, police agencies and health professionals seeking to reduce officer burnout may be most effective when combined organizational and individual interventions are implemented. The applicability of this model may be further evaluated using longitudinal and intervention methodologies.

Law enforcement officers (LEOs) face a variety of repeated, unavoidable stressors in the line of duty including frequent exposure to potentially traumatic events (i.e., critical incidents). Researchers have identified many physical and psychological issues associated with such critical incident exposure. Researchers have also outlined a phenomenon in which individuals may ascend to a higher level of functioning than existed prior to a traumatic event as a result of overcoming traumatic stress-related adversity, known as adversarial growth. Yet, minimal research has examined adversarial growth as a consequence of critical incidents among LEOs. Furthermore, researchers have been challenged to identify reliable predictors of adversarial growth. The present study aimed to evaluate an interaction of psychological inflexibility, characterized by a rigid dominance of avoidant psychological reactions to unwanted internal experiences, and the time elapsed since critical incidents (i.e., temporal proximity) as a model to predict adversarial growth in a sample of LEOs. High psychological inflexibility was expected to inhibit opportunities for LEOs to become aware of, and connected with, the value of positive change. Alternatively, flexible responding was expected to facilitate adversarial growth given enough time had passed since the critical incident occurred. LEOs recruited from three geographically distributed U.S. police agencies provided adequate data (n = 277) to assess the above moderation model. Results of a moderated linear regression analysis indicated nonsignificant relations. Neither psychological inflexibility, temporal proximity, or the interaction of the two variables significantly accounted for adversarial growth. These results are discussed in the context of theoretical and methodological improvements for future research. Our model may have benefitted from a broadened account of the complex interactions between critical incidents, personal characteristics (e.g., psychological inflexibility), and organizational factors to improve prediction of adversarial growth in LEOs. Further specification of behavioral processes and contextual variables may support the development of organizational programs within police agencies to foster positive responding to critical incidents.

Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) represents a eukaryotic quality control pathway that recognizes and rapidly degrades transcripts harbouring nonsense mutations to limit accumulation of non-functional and potentially toxic truncated polypeptides. A critical component of the NMD machinery is UPF1, an RNA helicase whose ATPase activity is essential for NMD, but for which the precise function and site of action remain unclear. We provide evidence that ATP hydrolysis by UPF1 is required for efficient translation termination and ribosome release at a premature termination codon. UPF1 ATPase mutants accumulate 3′ RNA decay fragments harbouring a ribosome stalled during premature termination that impedes complete degradation of the mRNA. The ability of UPF1 to impinge on premature termination, moreover, requires ATP-binding, RNA-binding and NMD cofactors UPF2 and UPF3. Our results reveal that ATP hydrolysis by UPF1 modulates a functional interaction between the NMD machinery and terminating ribosomes necessary for targeting substrates to accelerated degradation. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a quality control pathway that recognizes and degrades transcripts harbouring nonsense mutations. Here the authors show that the ATPase activity of UPF1 mediates functional interactions between the NMD machinery and ribosomes required for efficient ribosome release at premature termination codons.

Altering the composition of the spacer layers present in iron-based superconductors is one strategy for increasing the temperature below which they superconduct. Now, intercalating FeSe with molecular spacer layers is also shown to enhance the superconducting transition temperature. The discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in a layered iron arsenide 1 has led to an intensive search to optimize the superconducting properties of iron-based superconductors by changing the chemical composition of the spacer layer between adjacent anionic iron arsenide layers 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 . Superconductivity has been found in iron arsenides with cationic spacer layers consisting of metal ions (for example, Li + , Na + , K + , Ba 2+ ) or PbO- or perovskite-type oxide layers, and also in Fe 1.01 Se (ref.  8 ) with neutral layers similar in structure to those found in the iron arsenides and no spacer layer. Here we demonstrate the synthesis of Li x (NH 2 ) y (NH 3 ) 1− y Fe 2 Se 2  ( x ~0.6; y ~0.2), with lithium ions, lithium amide and ammonia acting as the spacer layer between FeSe layers, which exhibits superconductivity at 43(1) K, higher than in any FeSe-derived compound reported so far. We have determined the crystal structure using neutron powder diffraction and used magnetometry and muon-spin rotation data to determine the superconducting properties. This new synthetic route opens up the possibility of further exploitation of related molecular intercalations in this and other systems to greatly optimize the superconducting properties in this family.

Here the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium presents a first draft of the human pangenome reference. The pangenome contains 47 phased, diploid assemblies from a cohort of genetically diverse individuals 1 . These assemblies cover more than 99% of the expected sequence in each genome and are more than 99% accurate at the structural and base pair levels. Based on alignments of the assemblies, we generate a draft pangenome that captures known variants and haplotypes and reveals new alleles at structurally complex loci. We also add 119 million base pairs of euchromatic polymorphic sequences and 1,115 gene duplications relative to the existing reference GRCh38. Roughly 90 million of the additional base pairs are derived from structural variation. Using our draft pangenome to analyse short-read data reduced small variant discovery errors by 34% and increased the number of structural variants detected per haplotype by 104% compared with GRCh38-based workflows, which enabled the typing of the vast majority of structural variant alleles per sample. An initial draft of the human pangenome is presented and made publicly available by the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium; the draft contains 94 de novo haplotype assemblies from 47 ancestrally diverse individuals.

Intense geoelectric fields during geomagnetic storms generate geomagnetically induced currents in power grids and other infrastructure, necessitating an understanding of their causes, for example, through coordinated space and ground observations. This study investigates localized intense geoelectric (E) and geomagnetic (B) field perturbations following an Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) turning during a geomagnetic storm on 25 October 2011. Observations from EarthScope magnetotelluric sites in the upper Midwest United States revealed shorter period (∼ ${\\sim} $1 min) ultra‐low‐frequency (ULF) waves superimposed on longer period (∼ ${\\sim} $10 min) perturbations in both E and B fields. These sites, located at ∼ ${\\sim} $19 hr magnetic local time and 56−57° $56-57{}^{\\circ}$ magnetic latitude, recorded large amplitude E and B perturbations. Ground‐based all‐sky imagers showed auroral brightening with sunward and poleward propagation, while upstream spacecraft linked the perturbations to an IMF turning and solar wind dynamic pressure impulse. The longer‐period E and B field perturbations likely stem from localized ionospheric currents tied to substorm auroral activity post‐IMF turning. The combination of ionospheric currents, ULF waves, and the Earth's varying conductivity produces intense geoelectric fields of ≥ ${\\ge} $2 V/km in the upper Midwest. A comparison using input data and software compatible with the NOAA/USGS geoelectric field nowcast model revealed its limitations in capturing such events due to the temporal and spatial resolution of the underlying data. Using 1‐s geomagnetic field data can improve geoelectric field models by capturing short‐period and large spatial scale waves, although localized magnetic perturbations remain underestimated due to insufficient ground magnetometer density.