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Acute kidney injury (AKI) encompasses pathophysiology ranging from glomerular hypofiltration to tubular cell injury and outflow obstruction. This Review will focus on the tubulointerstitial processes that underlie most cases of AKI. Tubular epithelial cell (TEC) injury can occur via distinct insults, including ischemia, nephrotoxins, sepsis, and primary immune-mediated processes. Following these initial insults, tubular cells can activate survival and repair responses or they can develop mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic reprogramming, cell-cycle arrest, and programmed cell death. Developing evidence suggests that the fate of individual tubular cells to survive and proliferate or undergo cell death or senescence is frequently determined by a biphasic immune response with initial proinflammatory macrophage, neutrophil, and lymphocyte infiltration exacerbating injury and activating programmed cell death, while alternatively activated macrophages and specific lymphocyte subsets subsequently modulate inflammation and promote repair. Functional recovery requires that this reparative phase supports proteolytic degradation of tubular casts, proliferation of surviving TECs, and restoration of TEC differentiation. Incomplete resolution or persistence of inflammation can lead to failed tubular repair, fibrosis, and chronic kidney disease. Despite extensive research in animal models, translating preclinical findings to therapies remains challenging, emphasizing the need for integrated multiomic approaches to advance AKI understanding and treatment.

Neural mechanisms and underlying directionality of signaling among brain regions depend on neural dynamics spanning multiple spatiotemporal scales of population activity. Despite recent advances in multimodal measurements of brain activity, there is no broadly accepted multiscale dynamical models for the collective activity represented in neural signals. Here we introduce a neurobiological-driven deep learning model, termed m ulti s cale neural dy namics n eural o rdinary d ifferential e quation (msDyNODE), to describe multiscale brain communications governing cognition and behavior. We demonstrate that msDyNODE successfully captures multiscale activity using both simulations and electrophysiological experiments. The msDyNODE-derived causal interactions between recording locations and scales not only aligned well with the abstraction of the hierarchical neuroanatomy of the mammalian central nervous system but also exhibited behavioral dependences. This work offers a new approach for mechanistic multiscale studies of neural processes.

Interspecific interactions can provoke temporal and spatial avoidance, ultimately affecting population densities and spatial distribution patterns. The ability (or inability) of species to coexist has consequences for diversity and ultimately ecosystem stability. Urbanization is predicted to change species interactions but its relative impact is not well known. Urbanization gradients offer the opportunity to evaluate the effect of humans on species interactions by comparing community dynamics across levels of disturbance. We used camera traps deployed by citizen scientists to survey mammals along urbanization gradients of two cities (Washington, DC and Raleigh, NC, USA). We used a multispecies occupancy model with four competing predator species to test whether forest fragmentation, interspecific interactions, humans or prey had the greatest influence on carnivore distribution. Our study produced 6,413 carnivore detections from 1,260 sites in two cities, sampling both private and public lands. All species used all levels of the urbanization gradient to a similar extent, but co‐occurrence of urban‐adapted foxes with less urban‐adapted bobcats and coyotes was dependent on the availability of green space, especially as urbanization increased. This suggests green space allows less urban‐adapted species to occupy suburban areas, but focuses their movements through remaining forest patches, leading to more species interactions. Synthesis and applications. Species interactions, forest fragmentation and human‐related covariates were important determinants of carnivore occupancy across a gradient of urbanization with the relative importance of forest fragmentation being highest. We found evidence of both positive and negative interactions across the gradient with some dependent on available green space, suggesting that fragmentation leads to higher levels of spatial interaction. Where green space is adequate, there appears to be sufficient opportunity for coexistence between carnivore species in an urban landscape. Species interactions, forest fragmentation and human‐related covariates were important determinants of carnivore occupancy across a gradient of urbanization with the relative importance of forest fragmentation being highest. We found evidence of both positive and negative interactions across the gradient with some dependent on available green space, suggesting that fragmentation leads to higher levels of spatial interaction. Where green space is adequate, there appears to be sufficient opportunity for coexistence between carnivore species in an urban landscape.

1. Managed public wild areas have dual mandates to protect biodiversity and provide recreational opportunities for people. These goals could be at odds if recreation, ranging from hiking to legal hunting, disrupts wildlife enough to alter their space use or community structure. 2. We evaluated the effect of managed hunting and recreation on 12 terrestrial wildlife species by employing a large citizen science camera trapping survey at 1947 sites stratified across different levels of human activities in 32 protected forests in the eastern USA. 3. Habitat covariates, especially the amount of large continuous forest and local housing density, were more important than recreation for affecting the distribution of most species. The four most hunted species (white-tailed deer, raccoons, eastern grey and fox squirrels) were commonly detected throughout the region, but relatively less so at hunted sites. Recreation was most important for affecting the distribution of coyotes, which used hunted areas more compared with unhunted control areas, and did not avoid areas used by hikers. 4. Most species did not avoid human-made trails, and many predators positively selected them. Bears and bobcats were more likely to avoid people in hunted areas than unhunted preserves, suggesting that they perceive the risk of humans differently depending on local hunting regulations. However, this effect was not found for the most heavily hunted species, suggesting that human hunters are not broadly creating 'fear' effects to the wildlife community as would be expected for apex predators. 5. Synthesis and applications. Although we found that hiking and managed hunting have measureable effects on the distribution of some species, these were relatively minor in comparison with the importance of habitat covariates associated with land use and habitat fragmentation. These patterns of wildlife distribution suggest that the present practices for regulating recreation in the region are sustainable and in balance with the goal of protecting wildlife populations and may be facilitated by decades of animal habituation to humans. The citizen science monitoring approach we developed could offer a long-term monitoring protocol for protected areas, which would help managers to detect where and when the balance between recreation and wildlife has tipped.

We present a novel design for an e-textile based surface electromyography (sEMG) suit that incorporates stretchable conductive textiles as electrodes and interconnects within an athletic compression garment. The fabrication and assembly approach is a facile combination of laser cutting and heat-press lamination that provides for rapid prototyping of designs in a typical research environment without need for any specialized textile or garment manufacturing equipment. The materials used are robust to wear, resilient to the high strains encountered in clothing, and can be machine laundered. The suit produces sEMG signal quality comparable to conventional adhesive electrodes, but with improved comfort, longevity, and reusability. The embedded electronics provide signal conditioning, amplification, digitization, and processing power to convert the raw EMG signals to a level-of-effort estimation for flexion and extension of the elbow and knee joints. The approach we detail herein is also expected to be extensible to a variety of other electrophysiological sensors.

Turbidity currents carve the deepest canyons on Earth, deposit its largest sediment accumulations, and break seabed telecommunication cables. Powerful canyon‐flushing turbidity currents break sensors placed in their path, making them notoriously challenging to measure, and thus poorly understood. This study provides the first remote measurements of canyon‐flushing flows, using ocean‐bottom seismographs located outside the flow's destructive path, revolutionizing flow monitoring. We recorded the internal dynamics of the longest sediment flows yet monitored on Earth, which traveled >1,000 km down the Congo Canyon‐Channel at 3.7–7.6 m s−1 and lasted >3 weeks. These observations allow us to test fundamental models for turbidity current behavior and reveal that flows contain dense and fast frontal‐zones up to ∼400 km in length. These frontal‐zones developed near‐uniform durations and speeds for hundreds of kilometres despite substantial seabed erosion, enabling flows to rapidly transport prodigious volumes of organic carbon, sediment, and warm water to the deep‐sea. Plain Language Summary Seafloor avalanches of sediment, called turbidity currents, transport huge volumes of sediment and organic carbon to the deep‐sea, and they break critical seabed telecommunication cables that underpin global data transfer. However, turbidity currents are very difficult to measure directly as they often damage sensors placed in their flow path, so they are poorly understood. Here we show that turbidity currents generate ground vibrations that can be measured using ocean‐bottom seismographs placed outside the flow's destructive path, revolutionizing flow monitoring. These seismographs recorded the longest sediment flows yet measured in action on Earth, which traveled >1,000 km along the submarine Congo Canyon‐Channel offshore West Africa. We use these observations to test fundamental models of turbidity current flow behavior. Our measurements show that the front of the flows contain a fast frontal‐zone with high sediment concentrations, which can be up to ∼400 km long, whilst the whole duration of the flow can last for more than 3 weeks. These frontal‐zones develop near‐uniform durations and speeds, despite extensive seabed erosion that adds sediment into the flow. New information on flow durations shows how turbidity currents rapidly deliver prodigious volumes of organic carbon, sediment, and warm water to the deep‐ocean floor. Key Points Remote seismic monitoring reveals the duration, internal structure, and evolution of powerful canyon‐flushing turbidity currents Flows contain dense and fast frontal‐zones (up to ∼400 km long) that maintain uniform durations and speeds despite huge seabed erosion Canyon‐flushing flow frontal‐zones can bring substantial fluxes of organic carbon, sediment, and warm water to the deep‐sea in <24 hr

Developed areas are thought to have low species diversity, low animal abundance, few native predators, and thus low resilience and ecological function. Working with citizen scientist volunteers to survey mammals at 1427 sites across two development gradients (wild-rural-exurban-suburban-urban) and four plot types (large forests, small forest fragments, open areas and residential yards) in the eastern US, we show that developed areas actually had significantly higher or statistically similar mammalian occupancy, relative abundance, richness and diversity compared to wild areas. However, although some animals can thrive in suburbia, conservation of wild areas and preservation of green space within cities are needed to protect sensitive species and to give all species the chance to adapt and persist in the Anthropocene. Humans transform natural ecosystems worldwide into towns and cities, replacing natural habitat with human-built surfaces. This loss of habitat and increase in human activity make suburban areas difficult for some species to survive in, raising concerns that developed areas become ecologically unbalanced as they lose biodiversity. However, the preservation of urban green space and lack of hunting could also open the door for some species to thrive in the midst of large human populations. Indeed, some animals, mammals in particular, have grown more tolerant of humans and appear to have adapted to suburban landscapes around the world. Some species that have been exclusively living in the wilderness, such as a small carnivore called the fisher, are even moving back into cities. Research into how mammals are coping with the urbanization of their habitats has produced conflicting results. Studies that explore a variety of cities and habitats would help to clear up this confusion. Parsons et al. worked with citizen scientist volunteers to survey the mammals at 1,427 sites across Washington DC and Raleigh, North Carolina. The volunteers set up motion-triggered cameras in these sites, which covered a full range of urban and wild habitats, including back yards and large nature preserves. The cameras detected similar or higher numbers of mammal species in suburban sites compared to wild areas. Indeed, most species appear to use suburban areas at least as much as wild land. Urban green space is especially important; it is used by less urban-adapted species like coyotes to navigate areas that are densely populated by humans. The results presented by Parsons et al. suggest that many mammals have indeed adapted to the suburban environment over the last few decades, resulting in more balanced urban ecosystems. More testing in other cities will help to determine how general this pattern of adaptation is, and provide us with knowledge that could help us to conserve many different species. However, some species were still most abundant in wild areas, emphasizing the need to also conserve wildlands and to minimize our impact on natural ecosystems.

Camera trapping is a powerful tool for studying mammal populations over large spatial scales. Density estimation using camera-trap data is a commonly desired outcome, but most approaches only work for species that can be individually recognized, and researchers studying most mammals are typically constrained to measures of site occupancy or detection rate. These 2 metrics are often used as measures of relative abundance and presumed to be related directly to animal density. To test this relationship, we estimated density, occupancy, and detection rate of male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) using camera-trap data collected from 1,199 cameras across 20 study sites. Detection rate and density exhibited stronger positive linear correlation (r2 = 0.80) than occupancy and density (r2 = 0.27). When hunted and unhunted paired areas were compared, detection rate and density showed the same trend between paired sites 62.5% of the time compared to 87.5% for occupancy and density. In particular, agreement between estimates was lowest for pairs of sites that had the largest differences in surrounding housing density. Although it is clear occupancy and detection rate contain some information about density, models suggested different ecological relationships associated with the metrics. Using occupancy or detection rate as proxies for density may be particularly problematic when comparing between areas where animals might to move or behave differently, such as urban–wild interfaces. In such cases, alternate methods of density approximation are recommended.

Landslide-dams, which are often transient, can strongly affect the geomorphology, and sediment and geochemical fluxes, within subaerial fluvial systems. The potential occurrence and impact of analogous landslide-dams in submarine canyons has, however, been difficult to determine due to a scarcity of sufficiently time-resolved observations. Here we present repeat bathymetric surveys of a major submarine canyon, the Congo Canyon, offshore West Africa, from 2005 and 2019. We show how an ~0.09 km 3 canyon-flank landslide dammed the canyon, causing temporary storage of a further ~0.4 km 3 of sediment, containing ~5 Mt of primarily terrestrial organic carbon. The trapped sediment was up to 150 m thick and extended >26 km up-canyon of the landslide-dam. This sediment has been transported by turbidity currents whose sediment load is trapped by the landslide-dam. Our results suggest canyon-flank collapses can be important controls on canyon morphology as they can generate or contribute to the formation of meander cut-offs, knickpoints and terraces. Flank collapses have the potential to modulate sediment and geochemical fluxes to the deep sea and may impact efficiency of major submarine canyons as transport conduits and locations of organic carbon sequestration. This has potential consequences for deep-sea ecosystems that rely on organic carbon transported through submarine canyons. Bathymetric surveys of the submarine Congo Canyon show damming by canyon-flank landslides led to the temporary storage of substantial masses of sediment and organic carbon, interrupting their transport to the deep sea.

The transfer of carbon from land to the near-coastal ocean is increasingly being recognized in global carbon budgets. However, a more direct transfer of terrestrial organic carbon to the deep sea is comparatively overlooked. Among systems that connect coastal to deep-sea environments, the submarine Congo Canyon is of particular interest since the canyon head starts 30 km into the Congo River estuary, which delivers â¼7 % of the dissolved and particulate organic carbon from the world's rivers. However, sediment and particulate organic carbon transport mechanisms that operate in the Congo Canyon and submarine canyons more globally are poorly constrained compared to rivers because monitoring of deep-sea canyons remains challenging. Using a novel array of acoustic instruments, sediment traps, and cores, this study seeks to understand the hydrodynamic processes that control delivery of particulate organic carbon via the submarine Congo Canyon to the deep sea. We show that particulate organic carbon transport in the canyon axis is modulated by two processes. First, we observe periods where the canyon dynamics are dominated by tides, which induce a background oscillatory flow (speeds of up to 0.15 m s.sup.-1) through the water column, keeping muds in suspension, with a net upslope transport direction. Second, fast-moving (up to 8 m s.sup.-1) turbidity currents occur for 35 % of the time during monitoring periods and transport particulate organic carbon with mud and sand at an estimated transit flux that is more than 3 to 6 times the flux induced by tides. Organic carbon transported and deposited in the submarine canyon has a similar isotopic composition to organic carbon in the Congo River and in the deep-sea fan at 5 km of water depth. Episodic turbidity currents thus promote efficient transfer of river-derived particulate organic carbon in the Congo submarine fan, leading to some of the highest terrestrial carbon preservation rates observed in marine sediments globally.