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"Baklanov, A"
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هرم ناصر : الرئيس وعصره
يتناول كتاب (هرم ناصر : الرئيس وعصره) والذي قام بتأليفه (أندريه باكلانوف) في حوالي (189) صفحة من القطع المتوسط موضوع (حكم جمال عبد الناصر) مستعرضا المحتويات التالية : كواليس الخارجية السوفيتية وتقارير دبلوماسييها حول بناء هرم الدولة المصرية فى عهد ناصر، الذي سرعان ما غادر الحياة بعد أن أصبح رمزا لشعوب العالم المناضلة من أجل تحقيق الإرادة السياسية للتنمية التقلة، ناصر رائد التنمية، إصلاحات للشعب، سياسة ناصر الخارجية الطريق الشاق للاستقلال، أيام المحن، القاهرة وموسكو تقاليد الصداقة الودية.
BOOK
WUDAPT
The World Urban Database and Access Portal Tools (WUDAPT) is an international community-based initiative to acquire and disseminate climate relevant data on the physical geographies of cities for modeling and analysis purposes. The current lacuna of globally consistent information on cities is a major impediment to urban climate science toward informing and developing climate mitigation and adaptation strategies at urban scales. WUDAPT consists of a database and a portal system; its database is structured into a hierarchy representing different levels of detail, and the data are acquired using innovative protocols that utilize crowdsourcing approaches, Geowiki tools, freely accessible data, and building typology archetypes. The base level of information (L0) consists of local climate zone (LCZ) maps of cities; each LCZ category is associated with a range of values for model-relevant surface descriptors (roughness, impervious surface cover, roof area, building heights, etc.). Levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2) will provide specific intra-urban values for other relevant descriptors at greater precision, such as data morphological forms, material composition data, and energy usage. This article describes the status of the WUDAPT project and demonstrates its potential value using observations and models. As a community-based project, other researchers are encouraged to participate to help create a global urban database of value to urban climate scientists.
Journal Article
Decrease in Concentration of Nitrogen Oxides by Changing the Combustion Chamber Design of the Gas-Turbine Engine
Results of modeling the processes in the multisprayer combustion chamber of the gas-turbine engine operating on a gaseous fuel are presented. Two options of the combustion chamber (basic and modernized) are considered. The basic option is analyzed and design shortcomings are revealed. The design is also improved by inserting plugs on the rings of a flue tube, by redistributing openings over the length of the flue tube and by changing the nozzle design. The results of calculations confirm the effectiveness of the measures taken for reducing the concentration of nitrogen oxides in combustion products.
Journal Article
Data assimilation in atmospheric chemistry models: current status and future prospects for coupled chemistry meteorology models
Data assimilation is used in atmospheric chemistry models to improve air quality forecasts, construct re-analyses of three-dimensional chemical (including aerosol) concentrations and perform inverse modeling of input variables or model parameters (e.g., emissions). Coupled chemistry meteorology models (CCMM) are atmospheric chemistry models that simulate meteorological processes and chemical transformations jointly. They offer the possibility to assimilate both meteorological and chemical data; however, because CCMM are fairly recent, data assimilation in CCMM has been limited to date. We review here the current status of data assimilation in atmospheric chemistry models with a particular focus on future prospects for data assimilation in CCMM. We first review the methods available for data assimilation in atmospheric models, including variational methods, ensemble Kalman filters, and hybrid methods. Next, we review past applications that have included chemical data assimilation in chemical transport models (CTM) and in CCMM. Observational data sets available for chemical data assimilation are described, including surface data, surface-based remote sensing, airborne data, and satellite data. Several case studies of chemical data assimilation in CCMM are presented to highlight the benefits obtained by assimilating chemical data in CCMM. A case study of data assimilation to constrain emissions is also presented. There are few examples to date of joint meteorological and chemical data assimilation in CCMM and potential difficulties associated with data assimilation in CCMM are discussed. As the number of variables being assimilated increases, it is essential to characterize correctly the errors; in particular, the specification of error cross-correlations may be problematic. In some cases, offline diagnostics are necessary to ensure that data assimilation can truly improve model performance. However, the main challenge is likely to be the paucity of chemical data available for assimilation in CCMM.
Journal Article
Online coupled regional meteorology chemistry models in Europe: current status and prospects
Online coupled mesoscale meteorology atmospheric chemistry models have undergone a rapid evolution in recent years. Although mainly developed by the air quality modelling community, these models are also of interest for numerical weather prediction and regional climate modelling as they can consider not only the effects of meteorology on air quality, but also the potentially important effects of atmospheric composition on weather. Two ways of online coupling can be distinguished: online integrated and online access coupling. Online integrated models simulate meteorology and chemistry over the same grid in one model using one main time step for integration. Online access models use independent meteorology and chemistry modules that might even have different grids, but exchange meteorology and chemistry data on a regular and frequent basis. This article offers a comprehensive review of the current research status of online coupled meteorology and atmospheric chemistry modelling within Europe. Eighteen regional online coupled models developed or being used in Europe are described and compared. Topics discussed include a survey of processes relevant to the interactions between atmospheric physics, dynamics and composition; a brief overview of existing online mesoscale models and European model developments; an analysis on how feedback processes are treated in these models; numerical issues associated with coupled models; and several case studies and model performance evaluation methods. Finally, this article highlights selected scientific issues and emerging challenges that require proper consideration to improve the reliability and usability of these models for the three scientific communities: air quality, numerical meteorology modelling (including weather prediction) and climate modelling. This review will be of particular interest to model developers and users in all three fields as it presents a synthesis of scientific progress and provides recommendations for future research directions and priorities in the development, application and evaluation of online coupled models.
Journal Article
A review of operational, regional-scale, chemical weather forecasting models in Europe
We acknowledge the funding of COST ES0602, ES1004, 728, and EU TRANSPHORM. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme FP/2007-2011 within the project MEGAPOLI, grant agreement no. 212520. David Schultz is partially funded by Vaisala Oyj. We thank the following people for their contributions to this manuscript: Paul Agnew, Gregory Carmichael, Lucy Davis, Oriol Jorba, Mark Lawrence, Dimitros Melas, Arjo Segers, William Skamarock, and Christos Zerefos. Kenneth Schere and an anonymous reviewer provided detailed comments that improved this article. Kenneth Schere (US Environmental Protection Agency) is thanked for a thorough review of this article, and for his many valuable comments.
Journal Article
Investigation of the Formation of Toxic Substances in the Combustion Products of a Turbulent Flame
The paper describes the test bench equipment and the results of a study on the content of toxic substances in the combustion products of a turbulent flame of a homogeneous kerosene-air mixture as well as in the combustion products at the outlet of different variants of burner devices. The content of toxic substances is presented as a function of the excess air coefficient. A burner device with toxic substance content close to the values obtained during combustion of a homogeneous kerosene-air mixture was chosen.
Journal Article
A multi-model study of impacts of climate change on surface ozone in Europe
The impact of climate change on surface ozone over Europe was studied using four offline regional chemistry transport models (CTMs) and one online regional integrated climate-chemistry model (CCM), driven by the same global projection of future climate under the SRES A1B scenario. Anthropogenic emissions of ozone precursors from RCP4.5 for year 2000 were used for simulations of both present and future periods in order to isolate the impact of climate change and to assess the robustness of the results across the different models. The sensitivity of the simulated surface ozone to changes in climate between the periods 2000–2009 and 2040–2049 differs by a factor of two between the models, but the general pattern of change with an increase in southern Europe is similar across different models. Emissions of isoprene differ substantially between different CTMs ranging from 1.6 to 8.0 Tg yr−1 for the current climate, partly due to differences in horizontal resolution of meteorological input data. Also the simulated change in total isoprene emissions varies substantially across models explaining part of the different climate response on surface ozone. Ensemble mean changes in summer mean ozone and mean of daily maximum ozone are close to 1 ppb(v) in parts of the land area in southern Europe. Corresponding changes of 95-percentiles of hourly ozone are close to 2 ppb(v) in the same region. In northern Europe ensemble mean for mean and daily maximum show negative changes while there are no negative changes for the higher percentiles indicating that climate impacts on O3 could be especially important in connection with extreme summer events.
Journal Article
Introduction: The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) – multidisciplinary, multiscale and multicomponent research and capacity-building initiative
The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) is a multidisciplinary, multiscale and multicomponent research, research infrastructure and capacity-building program. PEEX has originated from a bottom-up approach by the science communities and is aiming at resolving the major uncertainties in Earth system science and global sustainability issues concerning the Arctic and boreal pan-Eurasian regions, as well as China. The vision of PEEX is to solve interlinked, global grand challenges influencing human well-being and societies in northern Eurasia and China. Such challenges include climate change; air quality; biodiversity loss; urbanization; chemicalization; food and freshwater availability; energy production; and use of natural resources by mining, industry, energy production and transport sectors. Our approach is integrative and supra-disciplinary, recognizing the important role of the Arctic and boreal ecosystems in the Earth system. The PEEX vision includes establishing and maintaining long-term, coherent and coordinated research activities as well as continuous, comprehensive research and educational infrastructure and related capacity-building across the PEEX domain. In this paper we present the PEEX structure and summarize its motivation, objectives and future outlook.
Journal Article