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Industrial IoT has special communication requirements, including high reliability, low latency, flexibility, and security. These are instinctively provided by the 5G mobile technology, making it a successful candidate for supporting Industrial IoT (IIoT) scenarios. The aim of this paper is to identify current research challenges and solutions in relation to 5G-enabled Industrial IoT, based on the initial requirements and promises of both domains. The methodology of the paper follows the steps of surveying state-of-the art, comparing results to identify further challenges, and drawing conclusions as lessons learned for each research domain. These areas include IIoT applications and their requirements; mobile edge cloud; back-end performance tuning; network function virtualization; and security, blockchains for IIoT, Artificial Intelligence support for 5G, and private campus networks. Beside surveying the current challenges and solutions, the paper aims to provide meaningful comparisons for each of these areas (in relation to 5G-enabled IIoT) to draw conclusions on current research gaps.

Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful technique, typically based on the statistical analysis of the magnitude component of the complex time-series. Here, we additionally interrogated the phase data of the fMRI time-series and used quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in order to investigate the potential of functional QSM (fQSM) relative to standard magnitude BOLD fMRI. High spatial resolution data (1mm isotropic) were acquired every 3seconds using zoomed multi-slice gradient-echo EPI collected at 7T in single orientation (SO) and multiple orientation (MO) experiments, the latter involving 4 repetitions with the subject's head rotated relative to B0. Statistical parametric maps (SPM) were reconstructed for magnitude, phase and QSM time-series and each was subjected to detailed analysis. Several fQSM pipelines were evaluated and compared based on the relative number of voxels that were coincidentally found to be significant in QSM and magnitude SPMs (common voxels). We found that sensitivity and spatial reliability of fQSM relative to the magnitude data depended strongly on the arbitrary significance threshold defining “activated” voxels in SPMs, and on the efficiency of spatio-temporal filtering of the phase time-series. Sensitivity and spatial reliability depended slightly on whether MO or SO fQSM was performed and on the QSM calculation approach used for SO data. Our results present the potential of fQSM as a quantitative method of mapping BOLD changes. We also critically discuss the technical challenges and issues linked to this intriguing new technique. •Functional QSM aims to map the source of gradient echo BOLD fMRI contrast.•fMRI and fQSM analyses were performed in parallel on (1mm)3 complex time-series.•“Multiple” and “single orientation” QSM-series were calculated and compared.•Several alternative fQSM pipelines were evaluated.•Sensitivity and spatial reliability of fQSM depend on the significance threshold.

We investigate how known differences in myelin architecture between regions along the cortico-spinal tract and frontal white matter (WM) in 19 healthy adolescents are reflected in several quantitative MRI parameters that have been proposed to non-invasively probe WM microstructure. In a clinically feasible scan time, both conventional imaging sequences as well as microstructural MRI parameters were assessed in order to quantitatively characterise WM regions that are known to differ in the thickness of their myelin sheaths, and in the presence of crossing or parallel fibre organisation. We found that diffusion imaging, MR spectroscopy (MRS), myelin water fraction (MWF), Magnetization Transfer Imaging, and Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping were myelin-sensitive in different ways, giving complementary information for characterising WM microstructure with different underlying fibre architecture. From the diffusion parameters, neurite density (NODDI) was found to be more sensitive than fractional anisotropy (FA), underlining the limitation of FA in WM crossing fibre regions. In terms of sensitivity to different myelin content, we found that MWF, the mean diffusivity and chemical-shift imaging based MRS yielded the best discrimination between areas. Multimodal assessment of WM microstructure was possible within clinically feasible scan times using a broad combination of quantitative microstructural MRI sequences. By assessing new microstructural WM parameters we were able to provide normative data and discuss their interpretation in regions with different myelin architecture, as well as their possible application as biomarker for WM disorders.

The feasibility of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the healthy rat spinal cord at 17.6 T using conventional methods and intermolecular zero-quantum coherence (iZQC) spectroscopy is explored and the performance of both approaches is compared. Localised spectra were acquired at 17.6 T from three healthy Fisher rats and phantoms with injected iron-oxide particles using the PRESS and a modified HOMOGENIZED sequence. Well-resolved in vivo spectra showing the four singlet resonances of creatine, choline, and N-acetyl aspartate were obtained with both approaches. iZQC spectra were acquired from larger voxels, but did not provide higher sensitivity or resolution in the healthy spinal cord. In the presence of paramagnetic iron-oxide particles, the quality of in vitro spectra acquired with PRESS declined and was strongly dependent on the quality of the local shim. iZQC spectra were not affected by the presence of iron-oxide particles and provided narrow lines (9 Hz) independent of the shim. In vivo iZQC spectroscopy of the rat spinal cord is possible. The robustness in presence of local field distortions makes iZQC methods a promising alternative for the investigation of tissue containing labelled cells, implants, or clotted blood. New application of MRS to tissue inaccessible using conventional methods may thus become possible.

This study examined whether self-reflection could expand bounded awareness/self-awareness. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing three surveys administered to 179 U.S.-based mid-level managers aged 18–65. Data were analyzed using regression and correlation analyses. Results indicated that bounded awareness can be expanded through self-reflection, as measured by the novel Reflective Inquiry Questionnaire (RIQ). In addition, psychological capital (PsyCap) was a stronger predictor of elevated RIQ states than PERMA. This study contributes to cognitive psychology, behavioral economics, decision-making science, and positive psychology grounded in Kahneman’s dual-process theory and rational emotive behavior therapy by Ellis. Findings suggest practical applications for educators, practitioners, and innovators in general, with future research needed to explore prescriptive uses, including AI-driven interventions, which could ultimately enhance human flourishing and well-being by best utilizing expanded bounded awareness.

Objective:: The feasibility of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the healthy rat spinal cord at 17.6T using conventional methods and intermolecular zero-quantum coherence (iZQC) spectroscopy is explored and the performance of both approaches is compared. Methods:: Localised spectra were acquired at 17.6T from three healthy Fisher rats and phantoms with injected iron-oxide particles using the PRESS and a modified HOMOGENIZED sequence. Results:: Well-resolved in vivo spectra showing the four singlet resonances of creatine, choline, and N-acetyl aspartate were obtained with both approaches. iZQC spectra were acquired from larger voxels, but did not provide higher sensitivity or resolution in the healthy spinal cord. In the presence of paramagnetic iron-oxide particles, the quality of in vitro spectra acquired with PRESS declined and was strongly dependent on the quality of the local shim. iZQC spectra were not affected by the presence of iron-oxide particles and provided narrow lines (9Hz) independent of the shim. Conclusion:: In vivo iZQC spectroscopy of the rat spinal cord is possible. The robustness in presence of local field distortions makes iZQC methods a promising alternative for the investigation of tissue containing labelled cells, implants, or clotted blood. New application of MRS to tissue inaccessible using conventional methods may thus become possible.