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Viruses manipulate host cellular machinery to propagate their life cycle, with one key strategy being the mimicry of short linear motifs (SLiMs) found in host proteins. While databases continue to expand with virus–host protein–protein interaction (vhPPI) data, accurately predicting viral mimicry remains challenging due to the inherent degeneracy of SLiMs. In this study, we investigate how viral genomic composition influences motif mimicry and the mechanisms through which viruses hijack host cellular functions. We assessed domain–motif interaction (DMI) enrichment differences, and also predicted new DMIs based on known viral motifs with varying stringency levels, using SLiMEnrich v.1.5.1. Our findings reveal that dsDNA viruses capture significantly more known DMIs compared to other viral groups, with dsRNA viruses also exhibiting higher DMI enrichment than ssRNA viruses. Additionally, we identified new vhPPIs mediated via SLiMs, particularly within different viral genomic contexts. Understanding these interactions is vital for elucidating viral strategies to hijack host functions, which could inform the development of targeted antiviral therapies.

Dengue virus, particularly serotype 2 (DENV-2), poses a significant global health threat, and understanding the molecular basis of its interactions with host cell proteins is imperative for developing targeted therapeutic strategies. This study elucidated the interactions between proline-enriched motifs and Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. The SH3 domain is pivotal in mediating protein–protein interactions, particularly by recognizing and binding to proline-rich regions in partner proteins. Through a computational pipeline, we analyzed the interactions and binding modes of proline-enriched motifs with SH3 domains, identified new potential DENV-2 interactions with the SH3 domain, and revealed potential hot spot residues, underscoring their significance in the viral life cycle. This comprehensive analysis provides crucial insights into the molecular basis of DENV-2 infection, highlighting conserved and serotype-specific interactions. The identified hot spot residues offer potential targets for therapeutic intervention, laying the foundation for developing antiviral strategies against Dengue virus infection. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of viral–host interactions and provide a roadmap for future research on Dengue virus pathogenesis and treatment.

Globally, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major public health concerns. CKD and renal failure are reported to be high in the areas with higher salinity, however, the association is still unclear. We aimed at assessing the association of degree of groundwater salinity with CKD among diabetic populations of two selected areas in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional analytic study was carried out among 356 diabetic patients aged 40–60 years in high groundwater salinity exposed Pirojpur (n = 151) and non-exposed Dinajpur (n = 205), the southern and northern districts of Bangladesh, respectively. The primary outcome was the presence of CKD (via estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min) using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Binary logistic regression analyses were done. In non-exposed (mean age 51.2±6.9 years) and exposed (mean age 50.8±6.9 years) respondents, men (57.6%) and women (62.9%) were predominant, respectively. The proportion of patients with CKD was found to be higher in the exposed group than that of the non-exposed group (33.1% vs. 26.8%; P 0.199). The odds (OR [95% confidence interval]; P ) of CKD were not found to be significantly higher in high salinity exposed respondents (1.35 [0.85–2.14]; 0.199), compared to the non-exposed. However, the odds of hypertension were found to be significantly higher in high salinity exposed respondents (2.10 [1.37–3.23]; 0.001), compared to the non-exposed. And, the interaction of high salinity and hypertension showed a significant association with CKD ( P = 0.009). In conclusion, the findings suggest that groundwater salinity may not be directly associated with CKD in southern Bangladesh, however, it may have an indirect association with the disorder through the association of hypertension with groundwater salinity. Further large scaled studies are required to answer the research hypothesis more clearly.

The concept of home-based palliative care has been recently introduced in Bangladesh, but the patients' quality of life remains unexplored. This study aimed to assess the quality of life and its determinants of the cancer patients receiving home-based palliative care in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 51 surviving cancer patients above 18 years registered under the home-based care service of the Department of Palliative Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data was collected by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire based on the \"Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Palliative (FACIT-Pal)\" questionnaire from February to March 2019. Descriptive analysis was done for the socio-demographic, disease and treatment related factors. Mann-Whiteney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and logistic regression were done to determine the relationships between independent variables and QoL. The majority of the patients (76.5%) were women. The mean age of the respondents was 56.2±4.8 years. Common primary sites of cancer were breast (39.2%), gastrointestinal (17.6%), and genitourinary system (23.5%). The median duration of getting home-based care was four months. The most prevalent problems were pain, sadness, feeling ill, and lack of satisfaction regarding sexual life. The majority (88.2%) of the patients had an average and above-average quality of life. Although, 92.1%patients had average or above-average social and emotional wellbeing, 60.8% had below-average physical wellbeing. Patients' marital status, belief about disease prognosis, and duration of getting home-based care had a positive influence, and age negatively influenced the quality of life. The majority of the patients receiving home-based palliative care in Dhaka city had average or above-average quality of life. However, these patients had better social and emotional wellbeing, but the physical wellbeing and symptom control were below-average according to the individual domain.

Aims/Introduction We aimed to assess the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and identify its predictors among type 2 diabetes patients of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods This nationwide cross‐sectional study assessed HRQoL among 1,806 type 2 diabetes patients using the EuroQol‐5 Dimensions Questionnaire (EQ‐5D‐5L), and the responses were further translated into a single summary crosswalk index score using the UK time trade‐off value set. The predictors were determined using multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results The mean EQ‐5D‐5L index score was 0.62 (standard deviation 0.25), and men scored better than women. More than half of the study participants (53.4%) were ranked as “average” HRQoL. Overall, 64% of respondents had a “problem” at least in one of the dimensions of the EQ‐5D‐5L, and the burden of reported “problems” was higher among women (70%). Among the five dimensions, the highest reported “problem” was 79.8% for anxiety/depression, 77.7% for pain/discomfort and 60.1% for mobility. However, younger participants (aged <30 years) showed a higher burden of anxiety/depression (95%) compared with the rest of the population. The specific predictors of average/good HRQoL (odds ratio >1) were being men, living in a rural area, married, literate, a monthly income >19,488 BDT, absence of comorbidity and had a duration of diabetes ≤5 years. Conclusions The majority of Bangladesh’s type 2 diabetes patients had an “average” HRQoL based on the EQ‐5D‐5L index score. In broad terms, the identified predictors were sex, place of residence, marital status, literacy, monthly income, comorbidity and duration of diabetes. The majority of type 2 diabetes patients in Bangladesh have an “average” level of health‐related quality of life using EuroQol‐5 Dimensions Questionnaire and it is significantly associated with several predictors.

Aims/Introduction Our objective was to estimate the prevalence of hyperglycemia at baseline, and identify its predictors among community clinic (CC) users from a selected rural area of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods This cross‐sectional study partly used the baseline data of implementation research in which a total of 11,244 adults visited the CC, and their blood glucose, blood pressure and anthropometry were evaluated according to ‘Action 2’ of the World Health Organization (WHO) Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions (PEN) protocol 1. Of these, 11,144 had complete information on demography, chronic diseases and their risk factors, which were collected during the implementation of ‘Action 1’ of WHO PEN protocol 1 at the household level. Hyperglycemia, prediabetes (PreD) and type 2 diabetes were diagnosed using the WHO criteria. Results Using WHO PEN protocol 1, the estimated baseline prevalence was 12.5% for hyperglycemia, 3.4% for PreD and 9.2% for type 2 diabetes, and was more prevalent among men compared with women. PreD and type 2 diabetes had significantly higher odds ratio (OR >1) of having common risk factors as follows: age ≥40 years (PreD, P < 0.001; type 2 diabetes, P < 0.001), generalized obesity (PreD, P < 0.001; type 2 diabetes, P = 0.005) and hypertension (PreD, P < 0.000; type 2 diabetes, P < 0.001). Furthermore, participants with a family history of diabetes appeared to be a significant predictor of type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001), but not for PreD (P = 0.303). Conclusions Hyperglycemia, preD and type 2 diabetes showed a comparatively high prevalence among the CC users of the selected rural area. Obesity and hypertension are the key modifiable risk factors that should be reduced using a CC‐centered risk reduction strategy. The prevalence of hyperglycemia and its risk factors among the community clinics user of a selected rural population of Bangladesh is comparatively high in the current context. Generalized obesity and HTN are the two modifiable risk factors that showed significantly higher predictability for preD and type 2 diabetes.

This population‐based, nationally representative cross‐sectional study assessed the daily salt consumption status and its associated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors using weighted data from the STEPwise approach to noncommunicable disease risk factor surveillance conducted in 2018 in Bangladesh. It included a non‐institutionalized adults’ population of 6189 men and women aged 18–69 years. Their daily salt consumption was estimated using the spot urine sodium concentration following the Tanaka equation and reported according to the standard nomenclature proposed by the World Hypertension League and partner organizations involved in dietary salt reduction. Out of a total of 6189 participants, 2.4% consumed the recommended amount of salt (<5 g/day), 67.8% consumed a high amount of salt (≥5–10 g/day), 27.2% consumed a very high amount of salt (>10–15 g/day), and 2.6% consumed an extremely high amount of salt (>15 g/day). In univariate analysis, a higher than recommended level of salt intake (≥5 g/day) was significantly prevalent among rural residents (high = 78.4%, very‐high = 81.6%, extremely‐high = 84.9%, p = 0.01), literates (high = 51.6%, very‐high = 57.9%, extremely‐high = 59.1%, p = 0.02), newly diagnosed hypertension (high = 20.6%, very‐high = 23.6%, extremely‐high = 24.1%, p = 0.008), and overweight/obese (high = 25.9%, very‐high = 33.3%, extremely‐high = 29.8%, p = 0.000). Similarly, in ordinal logistic regression analysis, the categories of daily salt consumption showed a significant association with rural residence (OR: 1.300, CI: 1.109–1.524, p = 0.001), literates (OR: 0.777, CI: 0.671–0.900, p = 0.001), newly diagnosed hypertension (OR: 1.204, CI: 1.022–1.419, p = 0.026), and overweight/obesity (OR: 1.353, CI: 1.145–1.598, p = 0.000). The current national pattern of salt consumption in Bangladesh may help reconstruct the salt reduction strategy considering the associated risk factors.

This cross‐sectional study estimated the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) and examined its predictors at baseline following protocol 1 (actions 1 and 2) of World Health Organization (WHO) Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease (PEN) Interventions in a selected rural area of Bangladesh. A total of 11 145 adults (both sex and age ≥ 18 years) completed both the questionnaire and clinical measurements at the household and community clinics, respectively. We defined high BP as systolic BP ≥ 120 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 80 mmHg, prehypertension (pre‐HTN) as systolic BP 120–139 mmHg or diastolic BP 80–89 mmHg, and hypertension (HTN) as systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg and/or anti‐hypertensive drug intake for the raised BP. The prevalence of high BP was 51.2% (pre‐HTN, 25.3%; HTN, 25.9%). Among them, the proportion of pre‐HTN was higher among men (28.7%) while HTN was higher among women (27.4%). Other than fast food intake (pre‐HTN, OR: 1.110, P = .063) and women sex (HTN, OR: 1.236, P < .001), the pre‐HTN and HTN had higher odds for having same predictors as follows: age ≥ 40 years, family history of HTN, physical inactivity, central obesity, generalized obesity, and diabetes. In conclusion, the application of WHO PEN protocol 1 detected one‐fourth of the rural adult population had pre‐HTN and HTN respectively, and the common significant predictors of those were the age, family history of HTN, physical inactivity, generalized obesity, and diabetes.

ObjectiveFor over a decade, the prevalence of asthma remained unchanged at around 7% in Bangladesh. Although asthma causes significant morbidity among both children and adults, updates on epidemiological data are limited on the prevalence in Bangladesh. This study attempted to determine the prevalence of asthma, and its modifiable and non-modifiable lifestyle predictors in a rural population of Bangladesh.MethodThis study was part of a cross-sectional study that applied the WHO Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions via census in a rural area of Bangladesh, where self-reported data on asthma were recorded. Data on anthropometric measurement, sociodemographic characteristics and behavioural risk factors were collected following the standard protocol described in the WHO STEP-wise approach to surveillance (STEPS) questionnaire. Analysis included descriptive statistics to assess the prevalence of asthma and its risk factors, and binary logistic regression to determine contributing factors.ResultThe overall prevalence of asthma was 4.2%. Asthma was predominant among people above 60 years (8.4%). Higher asthma was noted among males (4.6%), self-employed (5.1%), with a family history of asthma (9.1%), with comorbidities besides asthma (7.8%) and underweight (6.0%) compared with their counterparts. The OR of having asthma was 1.89, 1.93, 1.32, 1.50, 2.60, 0.67, 0.67 and 0.78 if a respondent was 45 years old or more, married, underweight, ever smoker, with a family history of asthma, housewife, employed and consumed red meat, respectively, while considering all other variables constant, compared with their counterparts.ConclusionThe study emphasised asthma to be a public health concern in Bangladesh, although it seems to have decreased over the last decade. Among others, red meat intake and nutritional status were strongly associated with asthma, and the linkage among these is still a grey area that needs further exploration.

Background and Aims In Bangladesh, data related to the future risk of dementia and its associated factors are scarce. Furthermore, no dementia risk prediction tool has yet been applied to estimate the risk in any population in Bangladesh. Therefore, our objective was to assess the risk of dementia and its associated factors among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods This cross‐sectional study conveniently recruited 280 stable patients with CAD who were admitted for coronary revascularization at a tertiary cardiac hospital situated in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected face‐to‐face using a pretested questionnaire adapted from the WHO STEP‐wise Approach to Surveillance (STEPS) of Noncommunicable Diseases Risk Factors questionnaire (Version 3.2). The questionnaire included background information (sociodemographic, comorbidity), behavioral and metabolic risk factors, physical and biochemical measurements. The next 20 years' risk of dementia was estimated using the “Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Incidence of Dementia” score. The risk score, risk levels, and risk factors were presented descriptively. The associated factors of dementia risk were elucidated using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results The mean ( ± standard deviation) risk score for dementia was 6.26 ± 2.28. The predicted “at‐risk” population was 63.6%. The prevalent risk factors were unhealthy diets (84.3%) presented by inadequate fruit/vegetable consumption (70%) and added salt intake (46.4%). In the final model of hierarchical multiple regression, the risk score showed a significant association with several risk factors: family history of diabetes (p = 0.03), alcohol intake (p = 0.03), current smoking (p = 0.03), estimated glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.02). Conclusion A substantial proportion of patients with CAD had a future risk of dementia which demands an urgent risk reduction strategy in Bangladesh. Future longitudinal studies may more precisely justify the current findings.