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Mammalian reovirus (reovirus) is a multilayered, turreted member of Reoviridae characterized by transcription of dsRNA genome within the innermost capsid shell. Here, we present high-resolution in situ structures of reovirus transcriptase complex in an intact double-layered virion, and in the uncoated single-layered core particles in the unloaded, reloaded, pre-elongation, and elongation states, respectively, obtained by cryo-electron microscopy and sub-particle reconstructions. At the template entry of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), the RNA-loading region gets flexible after uncoating resulting in the unloading of terminal genomic RNA and inactivity of transcription. However, upon adding transcriptional substrates, the RNA-loading region is recovered leading the RNAs loaded again. The priming loop in RdRp was found to play a critical role in regulating transcription, which hinders the elongation of transcript in virion and triggers the rearrangement of RdRp C-terminal domain (CTD) during elongation, resulting in splitting of template-transcript hybrid and opening of transcript exit. With the integration of these structures, a transcriptional model of reovirus with five states is proposed. Our structures illuminate the RdRp activation and regulation of the multilayered turreted reovirus.

Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) is widely used to explore the 3D density of biomacromolecules. However, the heavy noise and missing wedge effect prevent directly visualizing and analyzing the 3D reconstructions. Here, we introduced REST, a deep learning strategy-based method to establish the relationship between low-quality and high-quality density and transfer the knowledge to restore signals in cryo-ET. Test results on the simulated and real cryo-ET datasets show that REST performs well in denoising and compensating the missing wedge information. The application in dynamic nucleosomes, presenting either in the form of individual particles or in the context of cryo-FIB nuclei section, indicates that REST has the capability to reveal different conformations of target macromolecules without subtomogram averaging. Moreover, REST noticeably improves the reliability of particle picking. These advantages enable REST to be a powerful tool for the straightforward interpretation of target macromolecules by visual inspection of the density and of a broad range of other applications in cryo-ET, such as segmentation, particle picking, and subtomogram averaging. Heavy noise and missing wedge effect hamper the efficient visualization and analysis in cryo-ET. Here, authors present a deep learning-based method for directly visualizing and revealing the dynamic states of target molecules.

Ultrathin two-dimensional （2D） nanomaterials offer unique advantages compared to their counterparts in other dimensionalities. O-vacancies in such materials allow rapid electron diffusion. Carbon doping often improves the electric conductivity. Considering these merits, the WO3-x/C ultrathin 2D nanomaterial is expected to exhibit excellent electrochemical performance in Li-ion batteries. Here, ultrathin WO3-xC nanosheets were prepared via an acid-assisted one-pot process. The as-prepared WO3-x/C ultrathin nanosheets showed good electrochemical performance, with an initial discharge capacity of 1,866 mA·h·g^-1 at a current density of 200 mA·g^-1 After 100 cycles, the discharge and charge capacities were 662 and 661 mA·h·g^-1, respectively. The reversible capacity of the WO3-x/C ultrathin nanosheets exceeded those of WO3 and WOg-x nanosheets. The electrochemical testing results demonstrated that WO3-x/C ultrathin nanosheets are promising alternative anode materials for Li-ion batteries.

DS-Cav1, SC-TM, and DS2 are distinct designer pre-fusion F proteins (pre-F) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) developed for vaccines. However, their immunogenicity has not been directly compared. In this study, we generated three recombinant vaccines using the chimpanzee adenovirus vector AdC68 to express DS-Cav1, SC-TM, and DS2. All three vaccines elicited robust serum binding and neutralizing antibodies following intramuscular priming and boosting. DS2 induced the strongest antibody responses, followed by SC-TM and DS-Cav1. DS2 also provided strong protection against live RSV challenge. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from long-lived antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in the bone marrow six months post-immunization with AdC68-DS2 predominantly targeted site Ø as well as site II. One neutralizing antibody against site II, mAb60, conferred strong protection against live RSV infection in mice. These findings highlight the strong ability of the DS2 design in eliciting long-lived antibody responses and guide the development of next-generation RSV vaccines.

Hollow spheres, hollow capsules and solid spheres of carbon were selectively synthesized by Mg-reduction of hexachlorobutadiene at appropriate reaction conditions. X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectra reveal that the as-prepared materials have a well-ordered structure. A possible formation mechanism has been proposed.

In this paper, NaSn 0.02 Ti 1.98 (PO 4 ) 3 /C composite material was prepared by spray drying method combined with high-temperature calcination, which can improve the electrochemical performance of NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 . The doping of Sn 4+ increases the lattice spacing of NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , thereby accelerating the diffusion coefficient of Na + . The carbon doped on NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 reduces the charge transfer impedance and enhances the ion diffusion coefficient. As a result, NaSn 0.02 Ti 1.98 (PO 4 ) 3 /C exhibits improved electrochemical performance. The specific capacity for the initial discharge of NaSn 0.02 Ti 1.98 (PO 4 ) 3 /C at 1C, 5C, 10C and 20C rates are 108 mAh/g, 86 mAh/g, 76.3 mAh/g, and 71.4 mAh/g, respectively. After 1400 cycles at 10C, the capacity of the material decreases to 64.3 mAh/g, with a capacity retention rate of 84.2%. Therefore, NaSn 0.02 Ti 1.98 (PO 4 ) 3 /C exhibits fast charge/discharge performance as well as cycling stability.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are an attractive battery system because of similar characteristics to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and large Na element abundance. Nevertheless, exploring stable, high-capacity and high-rate anode materials for SIBs is still challenging now. Herein, diethylenetriamine (DETA) molecular template derived ultrathin N-doped carbon (NC) layer decorated CoSe 2 nanobelts (CoSe 2 /NC) are prepared by solvothermal reaction followed by calcination process. The CoSe 2 /NC exhibits large potential as an anode for SIBs. Experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the in situ formed conductive ultrathin NC layer can not only relieve the volume change of CoSe 2 but also accelerate electron and ion transport. In addition, the nanobelt structure of CoSe 2 /NC with abundant exposed active sites can obviously accelerate the electrochemical kinetics. Under the synergistic effect of special nanobelt structure and NC layer, the rate as well as cycling performances of CoSe 2 /NC are obviously improved. A superior capacity retention of 94.8% is achieved at 2 A·g −1 after 2000 cycles. When using Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 cathodes, the pouch full batteries can work steadily at 0.5 C, verifying the application ability. CoSe 2 /NC anodes also exhibit impressive performances in LIBs and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs).

In this work, the Sn-doped titanium niobate Sn x -TiNb 2 O 7 (Sn x -TNO, x  = 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 004, 0.06, 0.08) samples have been fabricated through a solid-state reaction method with the aim of investigating the effect of Sn 4+ doping on the electrochemical performance enhancement of TiNb 2 O 7 (TNO). Elemental mapping image indicates that Sn is successfully doped and evenly distributed in the TNO sample. XRD patterns show that the doping of Sn 4+ can slightly increase the lattice spacing of TNO materials, which can increase the diffusion coefficient of Li + ions due to the ion-size effect. The specific capacity, capacity retention, long cycle performance, and rate performance of Sn x -TNO materials are all superior to those of TNO, and Sn 0.01 -TNO has the best performance. Compared with TNO, Sn 0.01 -TNO exhibited a smaller polarization potential, indicating that the doping of tin elements resulted in a more efficient kinetic reaction process and a higher redox reversibility. The EIS results further verify that the Sn 0.01 -TNO material has a lower charge transfer impedance and a higher ion diffusion coefficient compared to the TNO material, resulting in better electrochemical performance of the Sn 0.01 -TNO material. The strategy of appropriate metal doping can improve the intrinsic electronic/ionic conductivity and structural stability of the material, providing new insights for the development of advanced high-power electrode materials.

In recent years, aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have been rapidly developed and are favored by the public as a future large-scale energy storage system. Manganese-based compounds with multiple valence states and high electrochemical activity have been extensively investigated as cathodes for AZIBs due to their abundant reserves and high theoretical capacity. However, some problems hinder their application in AZIBs, such as low conductivity and sluggish kinetics. Defect engineering has been verified as an effective method to alleviate the above limitations. In this work, manganese oxide with oxygen defects (O d -MnO 2 ) was successfully constructed and characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, and TEM. Surface oxygen defects increase ion active transfer sites and improve electronic conductivity. Compared with MnO 2 , O d -MnO 2 produced more localized electrons which could improve the electrochemical performance as cathodes for AZIBs. The discharge specific capacity of O d -MnO 2 reaches 307.9 mAh g −1 in the first cycle at a current density of 0.1 A g −1 and maintains at 100.5 mAh g −1 at a current density of 10.0 A g −1 . After 1000 cycles, the discharge specific capacity can still reach 82.5 mAh g −1 and the capacity retention rate is 82.1%.

Ethyl 3-methyl-3-phenyl-glycidylate (EMP) was used as an electrolyte additive that can effectively improve the performance of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) as the cathode of lithium-ion battery. The electrolyte containing 1.5% EMP can effectively improve the discharge-specific capacity of NCM811, which has an initial discharge-specific capacity of 171.2 mAh/g (at 20 mA/g,0.1C), which is 30% higher than that of blank electrolyte, and the cyclic performance of the battery is also improved. Mechanism study shows that EMP can decompose and form polymers before the decomposition of electrolyte solvent and generate stable cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer at high voltage stage, which can improve the stability of cathode electrode structure and performance of battery.