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Cognitive Functions in Elite and Sub-Elite Youth Soccer Players Aged 13 to 17 Years
Soccer players are required to anticipate and react continuously in a changing, relatively unpredictable situation in the field. Cognitive functions might be important to be successful in soccer. The current study investigated the relationship between cognitive functions and performance level in elite and sub-elite youth soccer players aged 13-17 years. A total of 47 elite youth soccer players (mean age 15.5 years, SD = 0.9) and 41 sub-elite youth soccer players (mean age 15.2 years, SD = 1.2) performed tasks for \"higher-level\" cognitive functions measuring working memory (i.e., Visual Memory Span), inhibitory control (i.e., Stop-Signal Task), cognitive flexibility (i.e., Trail Making Test), and metacognition (i.e., Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Design Fluency Test). \"Lower-level\" cognitive processes, i.e., reaction time and visuo-perceptual abilities, were also measured with the previous tasks. ANOVA's showed that elite players outscored sub-elite players at the \"higher-level\" cognitive tasks only, especially on metacognition (p < .05). Using stepwise discriminant analysis, 62.5% of subjects was correctly assigned to one of the groups based on their metacognition, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility performance. Controlling for training hours and academic level, MANCOVA's showed differences in favor of the elite youth soccer players on inhibitory control (p = .001), and cognitive flexibility (p = .042), but not on metacognition (p = .27). No differences were found concerning working memory nor the \"lower-level\" cognitive processes (p > .05). In conclusion, elite youth soccer players have better inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and especially metacognition than their sub-elite counterparts. However, when training hours are taken into account, differences between elite and sub-elite youth soccer players remain apparent on inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility in contrast to metacognition. This highlights the need for longitudinal studies to further investigate the importance of \"higher-level\" cognitive functions for talent identification, talent development and performance in soccer.
Journal Article
Healing herbs handbook : recipes for natural living
Today, more and more people are trying to live healthily and fight illness without resorting to the pharmacy--and they are turning to herbs to achieve their goal. This approachable handbook, with photographs for easy identification, helps you understand and take best advantage of herbal medicine. It first offers a brief introduction to the basics--such as choosing, growing, and preparing herbs. Then you will find descriptions of 60 herbs and what to use them for, and then 60 ailments that herbs can be used to treat, along with handy recipes.
Book
Context specificity of the EMT transcriptional response
Epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity contributes to many biological processes, including tumor progression. Various epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) responses have been reported and no common, EMT-defining gene expression program has been identified. Here, we have performed a comparative analysis of the EMT response, leveraging highly multiplexed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to measure expression profiles of 103,999 cells from 960 samples, comprising 12 EMT time course experiments and independent kinase inhibitor screens for each. We demonstrate that the EMT is vastly context specific, with an average of only 22% of response genes being shared between any two conditions, and over half of all response genes were restricted to 1–2 time course experiments. Further, kinase inhibitor screens revealed signaling dependencies and modularity of these responses. These findings suggest that the EMT is not simply a single, linear process, but is highly variable and modular, warranting quantitative frameworks for understanding nuances of the transition.
It is unclear if a common EMT expression program exists. Here, the authors perform multiplexed single-cell RNA sequencing across 12 EMT time courses and 16 kinase inhibitor screens, and find that EMT transcriptional responses are context specific and EMT is not a single, linear transition.
Journal Article
One size fits all? Transferring social mindfulness measures to HRI
Applying psychological measures to Human Robot Interaction (HRI) has become increasingly common. Among these, the Social Mindfulness Paradigm (SoMi)has been used to study social mindfulness towards robots through online experiments using vignettes. This line of work indicated that humans do not show prosocial behavior towards robots. However, these findings are potentially confounded in two ways: items in the SoMi task were based on human-human interactions (HHI), not HRI, and experiments did not involve real-life interactions with robots. Addressing these methodological shortcomings, the current studies investigated whether the SoMi task is a valid assessment of social mindfulness in HRI to determine under which conditions, if any, we observe prosocial behavior towards robots. In Study One, participants interacted with a social robot (Cozmo) for three days, with perceived anthropomorphism and social mindfulness assessed before and after the interaction period. In Study Two, participants played the classic version of the SoMi paradigm using revised items matched in value for humans and robots, based on prior evaluations by a separate sample. Prolonged interaction with Cozmo did not increase social mindfulness but increased anthropomorphic perception of the robot. The revised items did not increase social mindfulness in the anthropomorphic condition, but they increased overall social mindfulness compared with previous studies. We conclude that real-life interaction does not necessarily enhance social mindfulness towards robots, that the item selection and their value for both human and robots must be considered, and that future studies should explore other interaction time frames and items.. Further, the increase in perceived anthropomorphism after a period of real-life interaction supports theory on anthropomorphism as a dynamic process. More general, the results stress that the field should carefully test HHI measures to ensure measurement validity before transferring them to HRI and that researchers must consider the context in which HRI occurs for external validity. Our findings also raise new questions for theory on social mindfulness, and support the emerging critique of the widely used Computers Are Social Actors (CASA) theory, which lead to the emergence of psychological measures in the field of HRI.
Journal Article
Laboratory tests & diagnostic procedures
\"Over 900 tests help you reach a diagnosis! The new fourth edition of Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures is the most complete reference of its kind. Part One consists of a unique alphabetical list of more than 600 diseases, conditions, and symptoms, paired with the tests and procedures commonly used to rule out or confirm each condition. Part Two represents an up-to-date, concise, complete compilation of virtually every laboratory and diagnostic test available to clinicians today.\"--Jacket.
Book
Designing and Implementing Cross-Sector Collaborations: Needed and Challenging
Theoretical and empirical work on collaboration has proliferated in the last decade. The authors' 2006 article on designing and implementing cross-sector collaborations was a part of, and helped stimulate, this growth. This article reviews the authors' and others' important theoretical frameworks from the last decade, along with key empirical results. Research indicates how complicated and challenging collaboration can be, even though it may be needed now more than ever. The article concludes with a summary of areas in which scholarship offers reasonably settled conclusions and an extensive list of recommendations for future research. The authors favor research that takes a dynamic, multilevel systems view and makes use of both quantitative and qualitative methods, especially using longitudinal comparative case studies.
Journal Article
Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/mRNA vaccination
Heterologous priming with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vector vaccine followed by boosting with a messenger RNA vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273) is currently recommended in Germany, although data on immunogenicity and reactogenicity are not available. In this observational study we show that, in healthy adult individuals (
n
= 96), the heterologous vaccine regimen induced spike-specific IgG, neutralizing antibodies and spike-specific CD4 T cells, the levels of which which were significantly higher than after homologous vector vaccine boost (
n
= 55) and higher or comparable in magnitude to homologous mRNA vaccine regimens (
n
= 62). Moreover, spike-specific CD8 T cell levels after heterologous vaccination were significantly higher than after both homologous regimens. Spike-specific T cells were predominantly polyfunctional with largely overlapping cytokine-producing phenotypes in all three regimens. Recipients of both the homologous vector regimen and the heterologous vector/mRNA combination reported greater reactogenicity following the priming vector vaccination, whereas heterologous boosting was well tolerated and comparable to homologous mRNA boosting. Taken together, heterologous vector/mRNA boosting induces strong humoral and cellular immune responses with acceptable reactogenicity profiles.
In healthy adults, booster vaccination with an mRNA vaccine, irrespective of the vaccine used for the first dose, was well tolerated and elicited higher levels of spike-specific antibodies and spike-specific T cells than booster vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19.
Journal Article