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The authors investigated the relationship between type of group supervision (hybrid model vs. face-to-face) and attitudes toward technology, toward use of technology in professional practice, and toward quality of supervision among a sample of school counseling interns. Participants (N = 76) experienced one of two types of internship supervision: a hybrid model (N= 41) or face-to-face (N= 35). Data analyses indicated that the hybrid model of group supervision was positively related to attitudes toward technology in counselor education, future professional practice, and the overall supervisory experience. Further, differences between the approaches in delivery of supervision showed no effect on perceptions of quality of supervision. Implications for extending the use of technology-mediated supervision to practicing professionals are presented.

Research in the area of student motivation supports the idea that the goals which students adopt in achievement situations influence motivation for learning. Students whose goal is task mastery have more adaptive motivational outcomes than those whose goal is to demonstrate ability. Teachers, by means of the achievement goals they emphasize, create a classroom motivational structure which can influence the achievement goals which their students adopt. There is some evidence, however, that teachers within a classroom treat their high and low performing students differently. It may be that these teachers use different motivational strategies with their high and low performers. Since a mastery goal is an important predictor of adaptive student motivation for learning, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether teachers emphasize similar achievement goals with their high and low performing students. Forty-seven middle and junior high school teachers and their students participated. They completed the Motivational Strategy Use Questionnaire, indicating their perceptions about the frequency of teacher use of mastery focused motivational strategies with high and low performing students. The first hypothesis of the study, that teachers would report using motivational strategies which support a mastery goal more frequently with high performing students than with low performers was supported. The second hypothesis, that high and low performing students would differ in their perceptions of the frequency with which their teacher used these strategies was not supported. Gender and grade level predicted students' perceptions about the motivational structure of the classroom: girls tended to see their classrooms as more mastery goal focused than boys did; sixth graders perceived more of a mastery goal emphasis than eighth graders did. Also, both high and low performing students rated their teachers as significantly lower in frequency of use of mastery focused motivational strategies than teachers rated themselves. Findings suggest that teachers need to be made aware of the possible differences between their perceptions of the motivational climate of the classroom and the perceptions of their students. Further research into the grade level and gender differences in student perceptions may also help explain how these variables operate in influencing students' perceptions.

The metabolic characteristics of tumors present considerable hurdles to immune cell function and cancer immunotherapy. Using a glutamine antagonist, we metabolically dismantled the immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumors. We demonstrate that glutamine blockade in tumor-bearing mice suppresses oxidative and glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells, leading to decreased hypoxia, acidosis, and nutrient depletion. By contrast, effector T cells responded to glutamine antagonism by markedly up-regulating oxidative metabolism and adopting a long-lived, highly activated phenotype. These divergent changes in cellular metabolism and programming form the basis for potent antitumor responses. Glutamine antagonism therefore exposes a previously undefined difference in metabolic plasticity between cancer cells and effector T cells that can be exploited as a “metabolic checkpoint” for tumor immunotherapy.

Softening in tomatoes is uncoupled from ripening by silencing a pectate lyase, thereby identifying a route to engineering (or breeding) tomatoes with better shelf life and flavor. Controlling the rate of softening to extend shelf life was a key target for researchers engineering genetically modified (GM) tomatoes in the 1990s, but only modest improvements were achieved. Hybrids grown nowadays contain 'non-ripening mutations' that slow ripening and improve shelf life, but adversely affect flavor and color. We report substantial, targeted control of tomato softening, without affecting other aspects of ripening, by silencing a gene encoding a pectate lyase.

In this randomized study evaluating rehabilitative therapies in patients with long-term upper-limb impairment after stroke, outcomes at 12 weeks were similar with robot-assisted therapy, intensive comparison therapy, and usual care. In secondary analyses, modest improvements were observed over 36 weeks in both intensive-therapy groups, as compared with the usual-care group. In patients with long-term upper-limb impairment after stroke, outcomes at 12 weeks were similar with robot-assisted therapy, intensive comparison therapy, and usual care. Modest improvements were observed over 36 weeks in both intensive-therapy groups. Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability in the United States, affecting an estimated 6.4 million Americans. 1 Long-term disability is often associated with persistent impairment of an upper limb. 2 Despite the development of many programs for recovery after stroke, the effectiveness of rehabilitation in improving functioning and quality of life for patients with deficits more than 6 months after a stroke has not been definitively shown. Robotic rehabilitation devices have the potential to deliver high-intensity, reproducible therapy. Advances in robotics and an increased understanding of the latent neurologic potential for stroke recovery led to our initiation of this multicenter, . . .

Myeloid cells comprise a major component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that promotes tumor growth and immune evasion. By employing a small-molecule inhibitor of glutamine metabolism, not only were we able to inhibit tumor growth, but we markedly inhibited the generation and recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Targeting tumor glutamine metabolism led to a decrease in CSF3 and hence recruitment of MDSCs as well as immunogenic cell death, leading to an increase in inflammatory tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Alternatively, inhibiting glutamine metabolism of the MDSCs themselves led to activation-induced cell death and conversion of MDSCs to inflammatory macrophages. Surprisingly, blocking glutamine metabolism also inhibited IDO expression of both the tumor and myeloid-derived cells, leading to a marked decrease in kynurenine levels. This in turn inhibited the development of metastasis and further enhanced antitumor immunity. Indeed, targeting glutamine metabolism rendered checkpoint blockade-resistant tumors susceptible to immunotherapy. Overall, our studies define an intimate interplay between the unique metabolism of tumors and the metabolism of suppressive immune cells.

Compared to other terrestrial environments, coastal \"blue carbon\" habitats such as salt marshes and mangrove forests sequester disproportionately large amounts of carbon as standing plant biomass and peat deposits. This study quantified organic carbon stocks in 16 salt marshes, salt barrens, and mangrove forests in Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. The sites included natural, restored, and created wetlands of varying ages and degrees of anthropogenic impacts. Peat deposits were generally less than 30-cm deep and organic content rapidly decreased with depth in all habitats. The top 15 cm of mangrove soil contained an average of 11.0% organic carbon by weight, salt marshes contained 6.6%, and salt barrens contained 1.0%. Total organic carbon stock in mangroves was 133.6 ± 12.8 Mg ha⁻¹, with 69.5% of that carbon stored belowground. Salt marshes contained 66.4 ± 25.0 Mg ha⁻¹ (93.5% belowground carbon), and salt barrens contained 26.6 ± 8.3 Mg ha⁻¹ (96.1% belowground carbon). These values were much lower than global averages for carbon stocks in mangroves and salt marshes, likely due to Tampa Bay's location near the northern limit of mangrove habitat, sandy soil, young age of the restored wetlands, presence of mosquito ditches, and recent habitat conversion from salt marshes to mangroves. In the late 1800s, Tampa Bay's coastal wetlands were dominated by salt marshes, but today they are dominated by mangroves. Based on the blue carbon values from the natural sites in this study, this habitat switching has led to the additional sequestration of 141,000 Mg of carbon in remaining wetlands in the Tampa Bay watershed.

Social determinants of health, such as income, education, housing quality, and employment, are associated with disparities in Alzheimer disease and health generally, yet these determinants are rarely incorporated within neuropathology research. To establish the feasibility of linking neuropathology data to social determinants of health exposures using neighborhood disadvantage metrics (the validated Area Deprivation Index) and to evaluate the association between neighborhood disadvantage and Alzheimer disease-related neuropathology. This cross-sectional study consisted of decedents with a known home address who donated their brains to 1 of 2 Alzheimer disease research center brain banks in California and Wisconsin between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2016. Neither site had preexisting social metrics available for their decedents. Neuropathologic features were obtained from each site for data collected using the standardized Neuropathology Data Set form and from autopsy reports. Data were analyzed from June 7 to October 10, 2019. Geocoded decedent addresses linked to neighborhood disadvantage as measured by the Area Deprivation Index calculated for the year of death. Presence of Alzheimer disease neuropathology. The association between neighborhood disadvantage and Alzheimer disease neuropathology was evaluated via logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, and year of death. The sample consisted of 447 decedents (249 men [56%]; mean [SD] age, 80.3 [9.5] years; median year of death, 2011) spanning 24 years of donation. Fewer decedents (n = 24 [5.4%]) originated from the top 20% most disadvantaged neighborhood contexts. Increasing neighborhood disadvantage was associated with an 8.1% increase in the odds of Alzheimer disease neuropathology for every decile change on the Area Deprivation Index (adjusted odds ratio, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.07-1.09). As such, living in the most disadvantaged neighborhood decile was associated with a 2.18 increased odds of Alzheimer disease neuropathology (adjusted odds ratio, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.99-2.39). The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that social determinants of health data can be linked to preexisting autopsy samples as a means to study sociobiological mechanisms involved in neuropathology. This novel technique has the potential to be applied to any brain bank within the United States. To our knowledge, this is the first time Alzheimer disease neuropathology has been associated with neighborhood disadvantage.

Circulating proteins have important functions in inflammation and a broad range of diseases. To identify genetic influences on inflammation-related proteins, we conducted a genome-wide protein quantitative trait locus (pQTL) study of 91 plasma proteins measured using the Olink Target platform in 14,824 participants. We identified 180 pQTLs (59 cis , 121 trans ). Integration of pQTL data with eQTL and disease genome-wide association studies provided insight into pathogenesis, implicating lymphotoxin-α in multiple sclerosis. Using Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess causality in disease etiology, we identified both shared and distinct effects of specific proteins across immune-mediated diseases, including directionally discordant effects of CD40 on risk of rheumatoid arthritis versus multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease. MR implicated CXCL5 in the etiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) and we show elevated gut CXCL5 transcript expression in patients with UC. These results identify targets of existing drugs and provide a powerful resource to facilitate future drug target prioritization. Here the authors identify genetic effectors of the level of inflammation-related plasma proteins and use Mendelian randomization to identify proteins that contribute to immune-mediated disease risk.

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) has demonstrated physiological, symptom-reducing, psychosocial, and health economic benefits for patients with chronic respiratory diseases, yet it is underutilized worldwide. Insufficient funding, resources, and reimbursement; lack of healthcare professional, payer, and patient awareness and knowledge; and additional patient-related barriers all contribute to the gap between the knowledge of the science and benefits of PR and the actual delivery of PR services to suitable patients. The objectives of this document are to enhance implementation, use, and delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation to suitable individuals worldwide. Members of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) Pulmonary Rehabilitation Assembly and the European Respiratory Society (ERS) Rehabilitation and Chronic Care Group established a Task Force and writing committee to develop a policy statement on PR. The document was modified based on feedback from expert peer reviewers. After cycles of review and revisions, the statement was reviewed and formally approved by the Board of Directors of the ATS and the Science Council and Executive Committee of the ERS. This document articulates policy recommendations for advancing healthcare professional, payer, and patient awareness and knowledge of PR, increasing patient access to PR, and ensuring quality of PR programs. It also recommends areas of future research to establish evidence to support the development of an updated funding and reimbursement policy regarding PR. The ATS and ERS commit to undertake actions that will improve access to and delivery of PR services for suitable patients. They call on their members and other health professional societies, payers, patients, and patient advocacy groups to join in this commitment.