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Measuring the bioeconomy enables policymakers to monitor advancements in sustainable development goals, identify growth opportunities, comprehend the economic implications of bio-based products, assess environmental impacts, and shape policies that foster a sustainable economy reliant on renewable biological resources. For this purpose, this study measures the value of the bioeconomy in New Zealand using the latest published input–output table for the year 2020. This study estimates the size and economic significance of New Zealand’s bioeconomy by applying two complementary methodologies. Results indicate that, in 2020, the total value added by the bioeconomy ranged from NZD 48.8 billion to NZD 50.8 billion, representing 16.5% to 17.1% of the nation’s total value added. Agriculture emerged as the dominant contributor, accounting for approximately 89% of the sector’s total value added, followed by forestry and logging at around 11%. To identify potential growth areas, the analysis further disaggregated bioeconomy value added by economic subsectors. Among bio-based industries, food manufacturing was the largest contributor, generating 43.1% (NZD 21 billion) of total bioeconomy value added, followed by bio-based services at 12.9% (NZD 6.3 billion). The biotechnology sector contributed NZD 0.34 billion, equivalent to 0.7% of the total bioeconomy. Additional significant contributors included wood processing and manufacturing (3.3%; NZD 1.6 billion), construction (0.71%; NZD 0.35 billion), and textiles and clothing (0.58%; NZD 0.29 billion). These findings underscore the pivotal role of food manufacturing, services, wood processing, textiles and clothing, and construction in shaping the bioeconomy. They further highlight the importance of assessing the economic and environmental impacts of bio-based industries and formulating policy frameworks that support a sustainable, renewable resource-based economy.

Background A review of the international Montréal Process Criteria and Indicators (MP C&I) sustainable forests reporting framework required member countries to benchmark the Indicators against locally held forest values. Children constitute an important subgroup of the local stakeholders in forests: they may respond to forested environments in different ways and may hold values which are unique to their age group. This study reports on the values school children attributed to their local forests, across three New Zealand regions, and details the agreement of these values to the Montréal Process C&I, a values framework developed by international forestry experts. Methods Workshops were held with local school children at three locations neighbouring a forested area (Tapawera, Nelson, South Island; Hunua and Kaiata, Auckland, North Island; and Lynmore, Rotorua, Bay of Plenty, North Island). Workshops were conducted using a similar facilitated structure, tailored to the age group of the children. The workshops used both interactive drawings and dialogue exercises to elicit the features of importance and cultural values the students held for their local forests. Following the workshops, these values were mapped to seven broad categories, and analysed for agreement with the MP C&I. Results Children aged 9–15 years valued forest access and experiences created by visits to their local forest. The children demonstrated an active relationship with their local forest environment, being aware of its landmarks and facilities. Deeper awareness extended across only quite a small geographical area of their forest. They had personal tacit knowledge of the usefulness of the forested environment, as opposed to abstract, generalised ideas, but only indirect allusion was made to legal, institutional and economic topics. Living organisms were by far the most frequently mentioned forest feature. Landscape amenity, also attachment to and identity with their local forest appear to be important to school children. Although the values held by children living close to forests in New Zealand differed across the three regions, they all fell within the purview of the Montréal Process C&I. Conversely, Criteria 5 (Carbon) and 7 (Legal and institutional) were only tenuously held values. Conclusions School children’s views and understanding of forests in New Zealand offer an insight into the integration of local communities with forests and forestry, forestry activities and forest amenities. Taking children’s values into consideration has broadened our understanding of the comprehensiveness of the Montréal Process C&I. Results from our workshops provided input for New Zealand’s contribution to a revision of the Montréal Process C&I because delegates could cross-reference the proposed alterations to the Indicators against the nationally derived values, which included those of school children.

Is a film watched on a video screen still cinema? Have digital compositing, motion capture, and other advanced technologies remade or obliterated the craft? Rooted in their hypothesis of the \"double birth of media,\" André Gaudreault and Philippe Marion take a positive look at cinema's ongoing digital revolution and reaffirm its central place in a rapidly expanding media landscape. The authors begin with an overview of the extreme positions held by opposing camps in the debate over cinema: the \"digitalphobes\" who lament the implosion of cinema and the \"digitalphiles\" who celebrate its new, vital incarnation. Throughout, they remind readers that cinema has never been a static medium but a series of processes and transformations powering a dynamic art. From their perspective, the digital revolution is the eighth major crisis in the history of motion pictures, with more disruptions to come. Brokering a peace among all sides, Gaudreault and Marion emphasize the cultural practice of cinema over rigid claims on its identity, moving toward a common conception of cinema to better understand where it is headed next.