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Kennard summarizes the central message of the book of Isaiah as being that \"sovereign Yahweh judges all the earth and Israel for the purpose of recreating them into his ideal kingdom centered in Jerusalem under the messianic Davidic servant-king\" (p. 7). Because he limits his inquiry to the book of Isaiah itself, Kennard's focus is on the canonical form of the text rather than on hypothetical sources stitched together into the final form of the book. Even though he seems to approach Deuteronomic History as a theological principle rather than a source- critical theory, the discussion is still confusing because most scholarship on Deuteronomic History understands the literature composing it to come from the postexilic period. While the lack of significant discussion of methodology limits the book, readers will in each of Kennard's chapters find helpful material that is related to the interpretation of Isaiah.

This study argues that understanding the ANE cognitive environment contributes to TIS readings of OT texts. While there are numerous definitions of and approaches to TIS, a review of recent literature on the discipline finds a broad consensus that TIS readings affirm Scripture as the revelation of the Triune God to his people. Because the Triune God revealed himself in an ANE context, understanding that context increases our understanding of God's self-revelation. The present study demonstrates the value of such an approach by undertaking a TIS reading of Daniel 7:1-14 with attention to its ANE context, revealing theological facets of the text that would be missed if the ANE context were not considered. Additionally, the research demonstrates that TIS and historical-cultural methodologies do not have to be at odds. Readings that consider both methodologies avoid both ignoring the historical meaning of the text and denying that the primary purpose of Scripture is to convey theological meaning.

The final section of Table and Temple is a single chapter that offers an in-depth discussion of how contemporary churches should be influenced by the connection between the temple and the Lord's table. Table and Temple demonstrates the rich possibilities figural reading offers Christian interpreters of the Bible. Despite some weaknesses, Table and Temple is an excellent monograph that offers valuable insights into biblical theology and Protestant ecclesiology.

This dissertation examines the space described in the narrative of Gen 2-3 using a methodology developed from the field of critical spatiality. The dissertation answers the question \"How does the spatial setting of the Garden of Eden inform the interpretation of the biblical narrative of Gen 2-3?\" The study concludes that the author of Gen 2-3 presents the description of space along a narrative arc. At the beginning of the narrative space is insufficient and at the end of the narrative, space is under the curse. Between these terminal points of the narrative is the Garden of Eden, which the author presents as the ideal space of the created world. The methodology employed in the dissertation is based upon the spatial trialectic developed by Henri Lefebvre and Edward Soja. The study begins by analyzing the physical space (Firstspace) the author describes in Gen 2-3. Because the physical space of Eden is not available for study, the Firstspace examination of Gen 2-3 relies on a reconstruction of the space of Eden using the description provided by the author of the passage. Examining the physical descriptions of space assists in reconstructing a Firstspace for analysis. The examination of space then explores the cultural conception of space (Secondspace) for spaces similar to those described in Gen 2-3 in the ANE cosmogonie texts. The Secondspace exploration reviews the ANE cosmogonie literature with particular attention to how those documents understand spaces similar to the ones described in the narrative of Gen 2-3. The result of this investigation is a greater understanding of how spatial concepts are perceived in the ANE world. Finally, the dissertation explores how the author of Gen 2-3 combines the author's description of space and the conceptual understanding of space in the ANE within narrative space (Thirdspace). The Thirdspace exploration of Gen 2-3 reveals how the author of the passage uses cultural understanding and physical description of space to construct the theological message of the text. In the Thirdspace of Gen 2-3 cultural concepts and physical descriptors come together as a part of the author's didactic narrative construction. The author's Thirdspace construction of space suggests that the focus of the narrative of Gen 2-3 is God's establishment of an agricultural paradise and humanity's rejection of this good space. The narrative of Gen 2-3 is the beginning of a biblical story that often centers around spatial issues. Understanding how the author of Gen 2-3 uses space to craft his narrative produces a framework for determining how other biblical authors use space to form the theological message of the Bible.

In the first chapter, the writer will seek to identify the historical setting of the early church creeds. Having done so, the writer will attempt to identify the core creedal language of the early church creeds, presenting those creedal phrases in their Greek construction. The second chapter will focus on the instances in the New Testament manuscripts where influence from the early creeds is suspected. In this chapter the writer will examine the text variants which show creedal influence in light of the larger textual tradition. Variants will be presented based upon creedal slogan which is suspected to have caused their presence in the manuscript tradition. Each variant or variant group will be analyzed based upon the classification of the manuscript, the date of the manuscript, and the likelihood that the error which produced the variant was a product of creedal influence. The final chapter will synthesize the data found within the first two and seek to provide the reader with a picture of how the creedal influences or lack of creedal influences upon Scripture give insight into the early church. The writer will seek to demonstrate the effect of creed onto canon and the effect that creedal language played in early Christian communities. The methodology employed in this final chapter will largely seek to synthesize the data presented in the previous two chapters.

The main difference between this program and workfare is that it was structured exactly like the real workforce; applicants attended job search seminars, were aided in making a resume and went through the usual interview process with potential employers. After a 16- week training program, employers had to decide whether or not they wished to keep the applicants as employees.

There is high demand and a growing expectation for predictions of environmental conditions that go beyond 0–14-day weather forecasts with outlooks extending to one or more seasons and beyond. This is driven by the needs of the energy, water management, and agriculture sectors, to name a few. There is an increasing realization that, unlike weather forecasts, prediction skill on longer time scales can leverage specific climate phenomena or conditions for a predictable signal above the weather noise. Currently, it is understood that these conditions are intermittent in time and have spatially heterogeneous impacts on skill, hence providing strategic windows of opportunity for skillful forecasts. Research points to such windows of opportunity, including El Niño or La Niña events, active periods of the Madden–Julian oscillation, disruptions of the stratospheric polar vortex, when certain large-scale atmospheric regimes are in place, or when persistent anomalies occur in the ocean or land surface. Gains could be obtained by increasingly developing prediction tools and metrics that strategically target these specific windows of opportunity. Across the globe, reevaluating forecasts in this manner could find value in forecasts previously discarded as not skillful. Users’ expectations for prediction skill could be more adequately met, as they are better aware of when and where to expect skill and if the prediction is actionable. Given that there is still untapped potential, in terms of process understanding and prediction methodologies, it is safe to expect that in the future forecast opportunities will expand. Process research and the development of innovative methodologies will aid such progress.

Tactics of resource use for reproduction are an important feature of life-history strategies. A distinction is made between ‘capital’ breeders, which finance reproduction using stored energy, and ‘income’ breeders, which pay for reproduction using concurrent energy intake. In reality, vertebrates use a continuum of capital-to-income tactics, and, for many species, the allocation of capital towards reproduction is a plastic trait. Here, we review how trophic interactions and the timing of life-history events are influenced by tactics of resource use in birds and mammals. We first examine how plasticity in the allocation of capital towards reproduction is linked to phenological flexibility via interactions between endocrine/neuroendocrine control systems and the sensory circuits that detect changes in endogenous state, and environmental cues. We then describe the ecological drivers of reproductive timing in species that vary in the degree to which they finance reproduction using capital. Capital can be used either as a mechanism to facilitate temporal synchrony between energy supply and demand or as a means of lessening the need for synchrony. Within many species, an individual's ability to cope with environmental change may be more tightly linked to plasticity in resource allocation than to absolute position on the capital-to-income breeder continuum. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals’.

Upon landfall, atmospheric rivers (ARs)—plumes of intense water vapor transport—often trigger weather and hydrologic extremes. Presently, no guidance is available to alert decision makers to anomalous AR activity within the subseasonal time scale (~2–5 weeks). Here, we construct and evaluate an empirical prediction scheme for anomalous AR activity based solely on the initial state of two prominent modes of tropical variability: the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). The MJO—the dominant mode of intraseasonal variability in the tropical troposphere—modulates landfalling AR activity along the west coast of North America by exciting large-scale circulation anomalies over the North Pacific. In light of emerging science regarding the modulation of the MJO by the QBO—the dominant mode of interannual variability in the tropical stratosphere—we demonstrate that the MJO–AR relationship is further influenced by the QBO. Evaluating the prediction scheme over 36 boreal winter seasons, we find skillful subseasonal “forecasts of opportunity” when knowledge of the MJO and the QBO can be leveraged to predict periods of increased or decreased AR activity. Certain MJO and QBO phase combinations provide empirical subseasonal predictive skill for anomalous AR activity that exceeds that of a state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction model. Given the wide-ranging impacts associated with landfalling ARs, even modest gains in the subseasonal prediction of anomalous AR activity may support decision making and benefit numerous sectors of society. Atmospheric Science: prediction of atmospheric river activity weeks in advance Landfalling atmospheric river activity may be predicted up to five weeks in advance based solely on the initial state of the tropics. A team led by Bryan Mundhenk at Colorado State University constructed a scheme to predict periods of above or below normal atmospheric river activity using two prominent modes of atmospheric variability as predictors. Evaluated over regions along the west coast of North America, the researchers found opportunities when anomalous wintertime atmospheric river activity can be skillfully predicted up to five weeks into the future. The skill from this scheme can, at times, exceed that of a state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction model. As these plumes of intense water vapor transport often trigger weather extremes upon landfall, an operational version of this prediction scheme may support decision making and benefit numerous sectors of society.

Tumor recurrence is a leading cause of cancer mortality. Therapies for recurrent disease may fail, at least in part, because the genomic alterations driving the growth of recurrences are distinct from those in the initial tumor. To explore this hypothesis, we sequenced the exornes of 23 initial low-grade gliomas and recurrent tumors resected from the same patients. In 43% of cases, at least half of the mutations in the initial tumor were undetected at recurrence, including driver mutations in TP53, ATRX, SMARCA4, and BRAF; this suggests that recurrent tumors are often seeded by cells derived from the initial tumor at a very early stage of their evolution. Notably, tumors from 6 of 10 patients treated with the chemotherapeutic drug temozolomide (TMZ) followed an alternative evolutionary path to high-grade glioma. At recurrence, these tumors were hypermutated and harbored driver mutations in the RB (retinoblastoma) and Akt-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathways that bore the signature of TMZ-induced mutagenesis.