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Objective Intuitive eating is an eating behavior that has recently come to use mainly in the young population. Knowing that the Lebanese cultural diet differs from other countries, the purpose of this study was to investigate if there is a relationship between self-esteem, interoceptive awareness, and motivation for healthy eating in a sample of Lebanese adults using a Latent Profile Analysis approach. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Lebanese governorates. Participants 359 Lebanese participants enrolled in this study (mean age: 22.75 ± 7.04 years, 40.1% males), through convenience sampling in several Lebanese governorates. Participants were asked to fill anonymously the following scales: The Intuitive Eating Scale (IES-2), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Scale (MAIA), and the Motivation for Healthy Eating Scale (MHES). Results Our findings revealed four profiles: profile 1 ( n  = 67; 18.66%) characterized by high SE and intermediate interoceptive awareness and motivation for healthy eating; profile 2 ( n  = 86; 23.97%) presented high SE, interoceptive awareness, and motivation for healthy eating; profile 3 ( n  = 86; 23.96%) characterized by high SE, interoceptive awareness, and motivation for healthy eating; class 4 ( n  = 108; 30.08) described by low SE, intermediate interoceptive awareness, and motivation for healthy eating One-way analysis of variance did not observe a significant difference between the four profiles based on intuitive eating (F = 1.810; p  = 0.145; ɳp2 = 0.015). Conclusions Among a sample of Lebanese people, four profiles of interoceptive awareness, motivation for healthy eating, and self-esteem were observed, with no difference concerning intuitive eating.

Objective: to systematically search for randomized controlled trials comparing the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols vs. control without exercise or other exercise protocols, in patients with mental disorders experiencing depressive symptoms, and to provide some guidance based on the current HIIT literature to improve further interventions. Methods: we searched for relevant studies, published by 18 August 2022 on PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus databases, that used a HIIT protocol, involving adults (≥18 years) with a diagnosis of a mental disorder, participating in a HIIT or a control condition, and assessed for depressive symptoms. Results: Four studies accounting for 108 participants (n HIIT = 55; n comparison groups = 53) met the inclusion criteria. Three out of the four studies included found significant improvements of depressive symptoms after 12 days to 8 weeks of intervention. However, there were no differences to other forms of low-to-moderate continuous exercise in 2/3 studies. Conclusions: The limited evidence suggests the effectiveness of HIIT interventions for improving depressive symptoms in people with mental illness. However, HIIT was not superior to other exercise treatments, although a trend for its superiority may be recognized. A number of methodological issues should be considered in further interventions to better characterize and identify the most efficient HIIT modalities for the treatment of depressive symptoms in these patients.

Modifications to daily sedentary behavior (SB) and participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) may provide beneficial results in the prevention and management of mental disorders, such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). This cross-sectional research investigated the minimum number of follow-up days needed to reliably estimate the time spent in SB and MVPA from accelerometer data in people with MDD. SB and physical activity (PA) were assessed using an accelerometer, and classified as time spent in SB and in different PA intensities (light—LPA, moderate—MPA, vigorous—VPA, MVPA, or total—TPA). The minimum days of use were calculated using Spearman–Brown analyses, considering only variables with an ICC > 0.8 (cut point-considered acceptable). In the results, 98 people with MDD showed no differences between the days of the week, and an ICC > 0.8 for SB, MPA, and MVPA (for 2-3-4-5-6 vs. 7). Thus, Spearman–Brown analyses were performed considering 2 days (minimum days with ICC > 0.8) and 7 days (maximum days of original test with ICC > 0.8). Our results suggest that a minimum of 3 days of accelerometer use is necessary to reliably estimate the time of SB, MPA, and MVPA. This finding has a significant practical application, allowing data collection using a reduced duration of accelerometer wear. The optimization of time needed in this context permits the utilization of accelerometers among a greater number of individuals, possibly affecting the sample size of MDD patients in research and decreasing acquisition costs in this scientific area.

There is physiological and biomechanical evidence suggesting a possible advantage of using poles in walking training programs. The purpose of this proof-of-concept study was to test the hypothesis that untrained elderly training Nordic walking for eight weeks will show higher improvements on the functional mobility, quality of life and postural balance than that training without poles; more likely to occur in self-selected walking speed (primary outcome), and the locomotor rehabilitation index than the quality of life, the static balance and the dynamic stability. It was a two-arm randomized sample- and load-controlled study. Thirty-three untrained older people were randomly assigned into Nordic walking (n = 16, age: 64.6±4.1 years old) and free walking (n = 17, age: 68.6±3.9 years old) training groups. Improvements in the self-selected walking speed (primary outcome, p = 0.011, ES = 0.42 95%CI -0.31 to 1.16), locomotor rehabilitation index (p = 0.013, ES = 0.36; (95%CI -0.39 to 1.10), quality of life (p<0.05), static balance (p<0.05) and dynamic variability (p<0.05) were found in both groups. The hypothesis was not supported, our findings indicated that after 8 weeks, the Nordic walking training did not result in greater improvements than free walking training for the primary outcome (self-selected walking speed) and most of the secondary outcomes (including locomotor rehabilitation index, static balance, dynamic stability, and psychological and social participation domains of quality of life). ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03096964.

IntroductionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations and outcomes. Laboratory and immunological alterations have been considered as potential markers of disease severity and clinical evolution. Type I interferons (IFN-I), mainly represented by IFN-α and β, are a group of cytokines with an important function in antiviral responses and have played a complex role in COVID-19. Some studies have demonstrated that IFN-I levels and interferon response is elevated in mild cases, while other studies have noted this in severe cases. The involvement of IFN-I on the pathogenesis and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. In this study, we summarize the available evidence of the association of plasma protein levels of type I IFN with the severity of COVID-19.MethodsThe PRISMA checklist guided the reporting of the data. A systematic search of the MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, and Web of Science databases was performed up to March of 2021, looking for articles that evaluated plasma protein levels of IFN-I in mild, severe, or critical COVID-19 patients. Comparative meta-analyses with random effects were performed to compare the standardized mean differences in plasma protein levels of IFN-I of mild versus severe and mild versus critical patients. Meta-regressions were performed to test the moderating role of age, sex, time that the IFN-I was measured, and limit of detection of the assay used in the difference between the means.ResultsThere was no significant difference in plasma levels of IFN-α when comparing between mild and severe patients (SMD = -0.236, 95% CI -0.645 to 0.173, p = 0.258, I2 = 82.11), nor when comparing between patients mild and critical (SMD = 0.203, 95% CI -0.363 to 0.770, p = 0.481, I2 = 64.06). However, there was a significant difference between healthy individuals and patients with mild disease (SMD = 0.447, 95% CI 0.085 to 0.810, p = 0.016, I2 = 62.89).ConclusionsPeripheral IFN-α cannot be used as a severity marker as it does not determine the clinical status presented by COVID-19 patients.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301583.].

People with mental illness tend to present low levels of physical activity and high levels of sedentary behavior. The study aims to compare these levels in mental illness patients, exploring the role of socioeconomic development and treatment setting. This cross-sectional study used accelerometers and the Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire (SIMPAQ) to assess physical activity and sedentary behavior in mental illness individuals living in 23 countries. Two-way ANOVAs were used to evaluate the interaction between socioeconomic development and the treatment settings on physical activity and sedentary behavior. A total of 884 (men = 55.3%) participants, mean age of 39.3 (SD = 12.8), were evaluated. A significant interaction between socioeconomic development and treatment settings was found in sedentary behavior (F = 5.525; p = 0.019; η2p = 0.009; small effect size). Main effects were observed on socioeconomic development (F = 43.004; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.066; medium effect size) and treatment setting (F = 23.001; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.036; small effect size) for sedentary behavior and physical activity: socioeconomic development (F = 20.888; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.033; small effect size) and treatment setting (F = 30.358; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.047; small effect size), showing that HIC patients were more active, while MIC patients were more sedentary. Moreover, despite of inpatients had presented higher levels of physical activity than outpatients, they also spent more time sitting. Socioeconomic development plays an important role in sedentary behavior in patients with mental disorders, warning the need to develop new strategies to reduce these levels in this population.

Background Eating disorders are an emerging global health crisis, with significant implications for both physical and psychological well-being. Disordered eating behaviors in childhood can serve as precursors to more severe eating disorders if left untreated. Previous literature evidences a strong association between perfectionism, as well as parental control and eating disorders, highlighting perfectionism as a significant factor in the development and maintenance of ED symptoms. Early intervention during this critical developmental period is essential to address these risks, prevent the progression to clinical eating disorders, and support healthier long-term outcomes for children. This study aimed to assess the mediating role of parental psychological distress in the association between perfectionism in parents and disordered eating in children. As a secondary objective, the study intended to validate the Arabic version of the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire-Short Parent Version (EDE-QS-P). Methods A diverse sample of Lebanese parents of children aged 6–11 years ( N  = 502; mean age of 36.24 ± 8.29 years, 74.5% of mothers) were recruited from schools, community centers, and healthcare facilities into this cross-sectional study. One parent per child completed all the questionnaires, which assessed disordered eating in children, parental perfectionism, and psychological distress. The instruments used included the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire-Short Parent Version (EDE-QS-P) for disordered eating, the Big Three Perfectionism Scale - Short Form (BTPS-SF) for parental perfectionism, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-8 Items (DASS-8) for parental psychological distress. The SPSS software v.25 was used for statistical analysis. To examine the factor structure of the EDE-QS-P, we conducted a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using SPSS AMOS v.28 software. The mediation analysis was conducted using PROCESS MACRO v.3.4 model 4. Results The Arabic EDE-QS-P showed a unidimensional factor structure, strong internal consistency reliability and high convergent validity. Higher child’s disordered eating scores were reported by fathers compared to mothers (8.32 ± 9.12 vs. 5.62 ± 7.69, t (500) = 3.01, p  = 0.003). Parental distress mediated the association between parental perfectionism and child’s disordered eating (indirect effect: Beta = 0.14; Boot SE = 0.02; Boot CI 0.11; 0.18). More parental perfectionism was significantly associated with more parental distress, and higher parental distress was significantly associated with more child’s disordered eating. Higher parental perfectionism was significantly and directly associated with more child’s disordered eating. Conclusion This study successfully validated the Arabic version of the EDE-QS-P in Lebanon, confirming its validity and reliability for assessing parental-reported disordered eating in children in Arab contexts. Elevated parental perfectionism correlates with increased child disordered eating, mediated by parental distress. This suggests that healthcare providers should be alert to signs of perfectionism and psychological distress in parents and provide appropriate interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or stress management techniques, to alleviate these issues and lower the risk of eating disorders in children.

Background Understanding the relationship of social network use and addictive behaviors with adolescent psychosocial health is crucial in today’s digital age. Aim To verify the associations between social network use, messaging applications, and the addictive behaviors to social network with psychosocial health in Spanish adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study was developed with 632 adolescents, aged 12 to 17 years from the Region of Murcia, Spain. The assessment of social network use (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok) involved evaluating the frequency of use of each social network individually using a single-item scale with five response options. WhatsApp use (i.e., a messaging application) was evaluated in the same manner. The Short Social Networks Addiction Scale-6 Symptoms was employed to assess potential addictive behaviors to social network use. The psychosocial health was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Generalized linear regression models were conducted, and predictive probabilities of having psychosocial health problems were calculated. Results The predicted probability of presenting psychosocial health problems in the medium users and high users of social networks was 19.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.0 to 27.7), and 16.2% (95% CI 10.2 to 24.6) higher compared to low users, respectively. High usage of Instagram, TikTok, Snapchat, and Facebook was associated with increased probabilities of psychosocial health problems, with Facebook showing the highest probabilities, at 31.3% (95% CI 14.8 to 54.2) for medium users and 51.9% (95% CI 26.5 to 76.3) for high users. Additionally, adolescents with addictive behaviors to social network use had from 19.0 to 25.2% probabilities of experiencing psychosocial health problems. Finally, the highest probabilities of having psychosocial health problems were identified in adolescents with high addictive behaviors when using social networks (28.9%; 95% CI 19.3 to 40.8%) and the lowest in those with low addictive behaviors (6.8%; 95% CI 3.3 to 13.6%). Conclusion Adolescents who use social networks more frequently and exhibit more addictive behaviors related to their use are more likely to experience psychosocial health problems compared to those who do not. Facebook showed the strongest association, followed by Snapchat, Instagram, and TikTok. Our data also revealed that adolescents exhibit various signs of addictive behaviors to social network use.

To examine the theoretical substitutions of screen exposure, non-screen sitting time, moderate and vigorous physical activity with depressive and anxiety symptoms in South American adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic with data from 1981 adults from Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Participants also reported physical activity, sitting time, screen exposure, sociodemographic, and tobacco use data. Isotemporal substitution models were created using multivariable linear regression methods. Vigorous physical activity, moderate physical activity, and screen exposure were independently associated with depression and anxiety symptoms. In adjusted isotemporal substitution models, replacing 10 min/day of either screen exposure or non-screen sitting time with any intensity of physical activity was associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. Improvements in anxiety symptoms were found when reallocating either screen exposure or non-screen sitting time to moderate physical activity. Furthermore, replacing 10 min/day of screen exposure with non-screen sitting time was beneficially associated with anxiety (B = −0.033; 95 % CI = −0.059, −0.006) and depression (B = −0.026; 95 % CI = −0.050, −0.002). Replacement of screen exposure with any intensity of physical activity or non-screen sitting time could improve mental health symptoms. Strategies aiming to reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms highlight physical activity promotion. However, future interventions should explore specific sedentary behaviors as some will relate positively while others negatively.